Coping with Stress (SLP) Module 3 (BHS400) Stress Management Essay

Coping with Stress (SLP) Module 3 (BHS400) Stress Management - Essay Example The journal also reviews a couple of OSM programs showcasing their applicability to the clinical environment as well how cost-effective an effective OSM is to employers. Edward and Burnard (2003) in this source take an in-depth research aiming at identifying stressors, moderators, and all possible and actual outcomes of stress. In their study, Edward and Burnard include measures of stress, burnout, and satisfaction at the work place. With a sample size of 2000 people, the research is relevant in stress management as it identifies the possible causes of stress as well the specific outcomes of different types and levels of stress. In this case, the source provides a background information useful in crafting a stress management program. In this journal source, Murphy (1984) takes into consideration the merits of OSM as he compares studies within the dimensions of work group type, format and the orientation of programs, methods of managing stress, non-specific effects, and the maintenance of skills and benefits on the long run. With reference to worksite stress management programs, Murphy identifies that research connecting the above mentioned factors is fragmented and does not quite satisfy the question, ‘how effective are OSMs with regards to work group-type, format and the orientation of programs, methods of managing stress, non-specific effects, and the maintenance of skills and benefits on the long run. However, his conclusion, that OSMs are effective in aiding employees to cope with stress, merits the relevance of the source with respect to stress management. Employee appraisals to stress at the workplace are the focus of this journal source as Murphy (1996) examines a number of stress management interventions and their effectiveness. With a research approach, Murphy employs a variety of interventions to stress management as appraises their effectiveness from his sample responses. In this case, the source provides credible information linking stressful

Symbolism in Shakespeare's Macbeth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Symbolism in Shakespeare's Macbeth - Essay Example The plot is woven through a series of symbols and images that are essential to the play’s setting. It opens with the witches’ scene and darkness all around. The dark hours are always associated with the evil which is about to take place. The symbol of blood and the disturbing weather emerge from the darkness and plague Macbeth and his surroundings. As the play opens, three witches appear on the scene asking as to whether their next meeting would be in â€Å"thunder, lightning, or in rain?† Hence from the very beginning, the symbol of darkness is introduced with only a few lines later, Macbeth is also mentioned. This is a foreshadowing of the events that will take place in the play. Darkness is always associated with evil and wickedness. Shakespeare employs these images to reveal the tools of disorder and the evil on which the character acts upon. The witches are the very first instruments which lead to disorder and havoc. Their appearance of witches is described by Macbeth himself as secretive and black: â€Å"How now, you secret, black, and midnight hags!† (Macbeth Act IV.i) but yet he believes in their prophecy. Even Banquo, who is with Macbeth at the time when the witches prophesize about them, speaks of them as: â€Å"The instruments of darkness tell us truths,  /Win us with honest trifles, to betray's  /In deepest consequence† (Macbeth Act I.i). ... From here onwards, there are a series of crimes committed by Macbeth as malevolence takes over the whole self of Macbeth. Once Macbeth restores himself as the king, even Scotland is pronounced as a place of obscurity. His restoration envelopes the whole country into â€Å"sighs and groans and shrieks that rend the air /Are made, not mark'd; where violent sorrow seems /A modern ecstasy; the dead man's knell†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as claimed by Macduff (Macbeth Act IV.iii). The images of darkness and the loss of blood along with thunder and lightning, elevate the component of evil in the play introducing the feeling of eeriness throughout. The symbol of blood that is scattered everywhere is seen when the play opens with the battle between Scotland and Norway. This is described by the wounded captain in traumatizing terms: â€Å"†¦Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds,  /Or memorise another Golgotha,  /I cannot tell—  /But I am faint, my gashes cry for help† (Mac beth Act I.ii). But in this scene, Macbeth is praised for his bravery. His quality later changes into an evil force which he uses against his own people who trusted him. Blood also eventually symbolizes the guilt of Macbeth since he is unable to reverse his monstrous deeds. After the first act of evil that he performs by killing Duncan, Macbeth cries, â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand?† (Macbeth Act II.i). The symbolism employed in Macbeth represents all the negative elements of life which usually associate with the villain or evil vigor. It was Shakespeare’s intent to portray Macbeth as that kind of character who constituted fear, guilt, wrath, cowardice and misery in the name of acquiring power. Lady Macbeth, besides the witches, was

Is Light a Wave or a Particle?

Is Light a Wave or a Particle? Is light a wave or a collection of particles? The answer is both, Light can be modelled as an electromagnetic wave or a stream of photons Light is an electromagnetic wave as it travels through a vacuum of outer space to transfer its energy from one location to another. ( The physics classroom, 1996-2014) Electromagnetic waves are created by the vibration of an electric charge. This vibration creates a wave which has both an electric and a magnetic component. An electromagnetic wave transports its energy through a vacuum at a speed of 3.00 x 108 m/s (a speed value commonly represented by the symbol c). The Wave theory of was originally developed by Huygens His theory said that light travelled through space by travelling through a medium known as the ether, a mystical weightless substance, which exists as an invisible entity throughout air and space. Huygens believed that ether vibrated in the same direction as light, and formed a wave itself as it carried the light waves. Huygens Principle described how each point on a wave could produce its own wavelets, which then added together to form a wavefront. Light also displays certain properties of waves such as reflection, refraction and diffraction. These occur when a wave reaches the end of the medium. Reflection is when the light bounces off an obstacle. The most common example is the reflection of light waves off mirrored surface results in the formation of an image. Another characteristic of wave reflection is that the angle at which the wave approaches a flat reflecting surface is equal to the angle at which the wave leaves the surface. Reflection is observed in water and sound waves and is also observed in light. (The physics classroom, 1996-2014) Refraction is when a wave passes from one medium to another medium. When the wave crosses the boundary between the two mediums the direction of the wave changes and the path of the wave is essentially bent. The direction of the bend depends on the speed at which the wave is moving through the mediums, if it is moving from a fast medium to a slow medium it will bend one way and going from a slow medium to a fast medium it will bend the opposite way. The angle of the bend will depend on the actual speeds of the two mediums. (The physics classroom, 1996-2014) Refraction occurs in sound and water waves. It can be seen in light in the refraction of light through a glass or a mirage is an optical illusion caused when light waves moving from the sky toward the ground are bent by the heated air Diffraction involves a change in direction of waves as they pass through an opening or around an obstacle in their path. Water and sound waves have the ability to travel around corners, around obstacles and through openings. When light encounters an obstacle in its path, the obstacle blocks the light and tends to cause the formation of a shadow in the region behind the obstacle. Light does not exhibit a very noticeable ability to bend around the obstacle and fill in the region behind it with light. Nonetheless, light does diffract around obstacles. In fact, if you observe a shadow carefully, you will notice that its edges are extremely fuzzy. Interference effects occur due to the diffraction of light around different sides of the object, causing the shadow of the object to be fuzzy. This is often demonstrated with a laser light and penny demonstration. Light diffracting around the right edge of a penny can constructively and destructively interfere with light diffracting around the left edge of the penny. The result is that an interference pattern is created; the pattern consists of alternating rings of light and darkness. As can be seen in this photo. How can we test if light is a wave? An experiment called the double slit experiment was designed by the scientist Thomas Young. It required a light source, a thin card with two holes cut side by side and a screen. To run the experiment, Young allowed a beam of light to pass through a pinhole and strike the card. If light contained particles or simple straight-line rays, he reasoned, light not blocked by the opaque card would pass through the slits and travel in a straight line to the screen, where it would form two bright spots. This isnt what Young observed. Instead, he saw a bar code pattern of alternating light and dark bands on the screen. To explain this unexpected pattern, he imagined light traveling through space like a water wave, with crests and troughs. Thinking this way, he concluded that light waves traveled through each of the slits, creating two separate wave fronts. As these wave fronts arrived at the screen, they interfered with each other. Bright bands formed where two wave crests overlapped and added together. Dark bands formed where crests and troughs lined up and canceled each other out completely. This proves the theory that light is a wave. The particle theory of light This theory was developed by Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Eistein and said that the energy emitted by light travelled as small minimum quantities or packets of electromagnetic energy called photons According to the photon theory of light, photons . . . move at a constant velocity,c= 3 x 108m/s (i.e. the speed of light), in free space have zero mass carry energy and momentum, and The energy of each photon is directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation. can be destroyed/created when radiation is absorbed/emitted. can have particle-like interactions (i.e. collisions) with electrons and other particles. (Jones, 2014) The photoelectric effect supports the particle theory of light The photoelectric effect is the phenomena where a metal releases electrons when exposed to light or electromagnetic radiation of a particular frequency. These emitted electrons are called photoelectrons. So basically this is how it works Every metal has a threshold frequency this is the minimum frequency of light or electromagnetic radiation that will causes the release of electron from the surface of a metal. This is because this frequency will supply the minimum amount of energy needed to overcome the force of attraction between the metal and the electron this is known as the work function of the metal What happens is when a light photon with energy equal to hf (h being planks constant and f being greater than or equal to the threshold frequency) strikes a metal surface all the energy of the photon is transferred to the electron. (Louw, 2014) Another way to prove the particle theory is the Atomic Spectra Emission spectra are produced when light from a light source such as a filament or a gas discharge tube is observed through a diffraction grating or a prism Continous spectra are produced when light from a glowing solid state material such as a filament passes through a triangular prism. This is because Energy transitions take place this means that in an atom electrons have specific energy levels as you can see An electron is excited to an unstable higher energy level and then falls back to a lower level. Photons with a specific energy and frequency are emitted. In such dense substances, the atoms are so close together that many different transitions of electrons can take place and light photons of any wave length can be radiated. This results in the different colours being emitted. The production of the line emission spectra A glowing gas is obtained by heating it or passing an electric current through it The glowing gas in the discharge tube is then observed through a diffraction grating ( a diffraction creating is a transparent plate on which parallel lines are ruled very closely à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±600 per mm The electrons in an atom have only specific energy levels When an atom is in a gaseous state, electrons can be excited to a higher energy level through heat or electricity The electrons absorb a discrete amount of energy for a specific jump for example between energy level 3 and 1 The excited state is unstable so the electron falls back almost immediately to a lower level and emits light energy in the form of photons The energy of an emitted photon equals the energy difference between the higher and lower energy levels. The energy is emitted as light with a definite frequency and specific colour. Each element will produce a different line spectra due to the differing energy levels Atomic spectras that are observed can only be explained if light was a stream of particles. It can therefore be stated that light as dual particle-wave nature Pictures (Richard Anderson, 2011) (Top ten thailand , 2014) (Abovetopsecret, 2014) (Atal, 2011) (Britannica, 2014) (HowStuffWorks, 2014) (xsgeo, 1999) (Mastin, 2009) (Greenfield, 2002) (Paley, 2010) (Norton, 2013) (Anon., n.d.) (University of Nebraska Lincoln, 2014) Bibliography The physics classroom, 1996-2014. Propagation of an Electromagnetic Wave. [Online] Available at: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/waves/em.cfm [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Abovetopsecret, 2014. Scalar waves. [Online] Available at: http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread986938/pg4 [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Anon., n.d. Tumbler. [Online] Available at: http://onemeonelife.tumblr.com/ [Accessed 1 October 2014]. Atal, A., 2011. Davisson–Germer Experiment. [Online] Available at: http://sciencesummit.wordpress.com/2011/05/12/davisson–germer-experiment/ [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Britannica, 2014. Desert Mirage. [Online] Available at: http://kids.britannica.com/elementary/art-89417/A-mirage-in-the-desert-of-Namibia-leads-people-to [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Greenfield, D., 2002. Optical networking: fundamentals of light. [Online] Available at: http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=27658 [Accessed 1 October 2014]. HowStuffWorks, 2014. How light works. [Online] Available at: http://science.howstuffworks.com/light3.htm [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Jones, A. Z., 2014. What is a photon?. [Online] Available at: http://physics.about.com/od/lightoptics/f/photon.htm [Accessed 1 October 2014]. Louw, R., 2014. Physical Sciences, the Answer Series. 1st ed. Cape Town : The Answer. Mastin, L., 2009. QUANTA AND WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY. [Online] Available at: http://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_quantum_quanta.html [Accessed 1 October 2014]. nightlase, 2014. Theory of Light. [Online] Available at: http://www.nightlase.com.au/education/optics/light.htm [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Norton, J. D., 2013. Origins of Quantum Theory. [Online] Available at: http://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/quantum_theory_origins/ [Accessed 1 October 2014]. Paley, N., 2010. Czech myself before I wreck myself. [Online] Available at: http://blog.ninapaley.com/category/philosophy/ [Accessed 1 October 2014]. Richard Anderson, 2011. Santilli IsoRedShift. [Online] Available at: http://www.workshops-hadronic-mechanics.org/isoshifts.html [Accessed 24 September 2014]. school physics, 2013. Theories of light. [Online] Available at: http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age16-19/Wave properties/Wave properties/text/Theories_of_light/index.html [Accessed 24 September 2014]. The physics classroom, 1996-2014. Wavelike Behaviors of Light. [Online] Available at: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/Lesson-1/Wavelike-Behaviors-of-Light [Accessed 24 September 2014]. Top ten thailand , 2014. 10 Crazy Facts About Mirrors. [Online] Available at: http://www.toptenthailand.com/topten/detail/20140103122902277 [Accessed 24 September 2014]. University of Nebraska Lincoln, 2014. Spectral Classification of Stars. [Online] Available at: http://astro.unl.edu/naap/hr/hr_background1.html [Accessed 1 October 2014]. xsgeo, 1999. WHAT MAKES A WIGGLE ?. [Online] Available at: http://www.xsgeo.com/course/wiggle.htm [Accessed 25 September 2014]. Utilitarian Consequentialist Perspective: Ethics of Cloning Utilitarian Consequentialist Perspective: Ethics of Cloning The emergence of a cloned ewe called Dolly in 1997 was a shock to the entire globe. Since an animal had been successfully cloned, it was only natural for scientists to try to replicate human beings. In 2001, a U.S. Company that deals with Advanced Cell Technology announced their first attempt towards making a human clone.   Even though the experiment failed, the developments in biotechnology sparked a lot of interests regarding the morality and ethics of human cloning. This essay explores the bioethical issue of human cloning and how it challenges the absolute worth of the life of a human being from a utilitarian consequentialist perspective. Utilitarianism is a prominent ethical theory that assesses the rightness or wrongness of actions or ideas based on their implications for the mass population. Utilitarians view morality as an opportunity to make life better or to increase the good things on the planet by reducing the bad aspects. They think that what makes ideas and actions justified is their positive contribution to the human race. A person or entity is thus forced to develop calculations that will balance things out to generate the most happiness. Additionally, consequentialism allows morality to generate all forms of overall consequences (Vaughn, 2015). In the issue of human cloning, a utilitarian viewpoint would argue that it is essential to weigh the pleasure and pain that the idea or action will produce. Cloning entails the procedure of acquiring genetic material from one living organism to formulate an identical copy of it artificially. The outward appearance of the clone and organism will appear similar, but they will both have different personalities and attitudes. Human cloning possesses benefits such as the creation of additional living organisms that people need, regenerating an extinct species, providing infertile couples with children, compensating for the loss of a child, elimination of the birth defects, tissue and organ harvesting, amongst others (Vaughn, 2015). According to Vaughn (2015), the adverse implications of human cloning include the possibility of using the clones as slaves, experimentations on human beings, the lack of individuality of a clone, uncertain future outcomes regarding the health of the clone, aggressive genetic illnesses, social divide, etc. Human cloning is considered morally wrong by everyone who comes into contact with the potential dangers of the process. A significant portion of the clones dies after or before they are formed. They also obtain different malformations and abnormalities. Up to now, not even animal clones have successfully been created. It is thus disheartening to even contemplate a human child arising from a similar process. However, human cloning from a utilitarian consequentialist perspective is set to benefit many people on earth. From the standpoint, it is viewed as morally justified. Genetically altering the chromosomal composition of a person so that he or she can be free from defects would be ethically right. However, the uncertainty that arises from cloning makes it difficult to develop a concise analysis of the positive implications of the process. For example, the clone ewe, Dolly, was a remarkable creature who broke the boundaries of human thinking to usher in the prospects of human cloning. However, a few years later, Dolly exhibited signs of premature aging as well as genetic diseases (Vaughn, 2015). It is thus not right for scientists to be provided with the go ahead to dive into genetic engineering due to the uncertain outcomes of human cloning. At this early stage, a utilitarian consequentialist perspective of the bioethical issue is a bit hazy because it appears as if many individuals will not benefit from the scientific procedure. But there is also the aspect of a few mistakes saving millions of lives and ensuring the survival of the human race particularly at a time when the environment is in danger, and they are numerous incurable illnesses. Fortunately, with the introduction of computer simulations, it will be easier to examine the positive implications of human cloning to the general population since they will be no urgency to conduct human and animal experiments. Reference Vaughn, L. (2015). Doing ethics: Moral reasoning and contemporary issues. WW Norton Company.

The Metaphysics of Performance :: Theatre Science Papers

The Metaphysics of Performance Something extraordinary has happened to metaphysics. At the very moment when philosophy is focusing its efforts at bringing metaphysics to an ‘end,’ metaphysics finds itself flourishing in the theatre, which speaks of itself as ‘metaphysics-in-action’ and publishes treatises carrying such titles as The Act of Being: Toward a Theory of Acting. The irony of the situation appears to have been lost on postmodern philosophers. What this paper sets out to do is explore the potential consequences of the metaphysical weight that has been acquired by the theatre for the practice of philosophy. It argues that the theatrical performance is in fact an ‘enactment’ of the performance of being and that, as such, it is possible to extend our understanding of this performance from the theatrical stage to the ‘theatre of the world.’ Finally, in doing so, we can establish the context for a metaphysics that does not privilege presence. The world of the stage, of roles, masks, parts to play has been one of the most enduring ways of speaking about life and the world we live in. In fact, until four hundred years ago, the theatrum mundi metaphor was the dominant image in Western thinking. God was conceived on the analogy of a playwright who had created the script of the play that was being performed on the stage called the world. "All the world's a stage, / And all the men and women merely players ..." No sooner had Shakespeare penned these lines than the theatre metaphor was emptied of its metaphysical charge. In very short order, it found itself functioning under the aegis of a new and more powerful image of the world: "the book of the world." It was Galileo and Descartes who gave this metaphor its currency, which was to have far reaching consequences for the history of metaphysical thinking in the West. To engage the world as a stage is to find oneself articulating what is at bottom an inherently unstable view of the world. As anyone who is familiar with the theatre knows, if it takes a performance to bring a world to presence, then the intelligibility or meaning of what transpires cannot be guaranteed in advance. And, if God is conceived of in terms of being a playwright, then he faces the predicament that every playwright finds himself in. He is constrained to address the continuing instability that attaches itself to his creation by virtue of the fact that a performance intervenes between himself and what transpires onstage.

Outline and Evaluate Social Psychological Theories of Aggression

Social Learning Theory Social Learning Theory is based on the fact that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling. Social learning theory explains human behaviour in terms of continuous mutual interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences. Outline of research: Bobo Doll experiment The Bobo doll experiment was conducted by Bandura and studied patterns of behaviour associated with aggression. Bandura carried out this study to look at social learning, where people learn through imitation.He used children, because they generally have less social conditioning. Bandura wanted to expose children to adult models exhibiting either aggressive or nonaggressive behaviours. Then, in a new environment without the adult model, he wanted to observe whether or not the children imitate these adult model aggressive or nonaggressive behaviours. Evaluation of Research 1. Cause and effect can be established as it could be demonstrated that the model did have an effect on the child's resulting behavior because all variables other than the IV are being controlled. . Artificial as hitting a doll isn’t the same as hitting a person, as there is no evidence that young children intend to harm bobo in modeling experiments. 3. The bobo doll experiments are reliable as many other studies support the fact that children learn by imitating others. Outline of research: Family background of aggression Patterson’s study was conducted using interviews and questionnaires and comparing families with at least one highly aggressive child to other families. His findings suggested that a coercive home enviroment may cause aggressiveness.This is an enviroment which little affection is shown as they don’t use social reinforcement they use punishment and shouting and other aggressive tactics for behavioural control. Evaluation of Research: 1. Has high ecological Validity as it relates to real life situations. 2. the research is base d on long-term influences on aggression, which therefore shows that it’s more useful then studies which look at short term influences. 3. real life situations, not all variables can be controlled which could effect the behaviours which therefore means cause an effect are not conclusive.Overall Evaluation of the theory 1. It has a lot of support from laboratory experiments such as the Bobo doll series of studies. However it lacks ecological validity and this does reduce the theory’s ability to clarify real life aggression. 2. Real life research such as Patterson demonstrates that role models are important in the development of anti-social behaviour. Therefore theses studies support the SLT. 3. Lacks population validity as the key studies are done with children as the main participants so cannot be linked to older people. DeindividuationDeindividuated people are more likely to be aggressive because of a loss of individuality which leads to reduced self-restraint. Deindiv iuation is the loss of self awareness and sense of personal responsibility, people normally avoid acting in a aggressive manners partly as it’s seen as vulgar behaviour an as they are identifiable to society. However being anonymous in a crowd means reducing inner restraints and increasing behaviours that are usually inhibited, Studies such as Zimbardo have provided evidence that deindividuation can be an explanation for aggression.Outline research evidence: Zimbardo Zimbardo aimed to try and find if anonymity was a key factor in deindividuation. In an experiment very similar to Milgrams – he found that in his anonymous group they gave twice as many shocks as high control group even when told the learner was critical. He then concluded that anonymity was the reason for this and it lead to that groups added aggression. Evaluation of research 1. Could be said that neither study actually measures physical aggression as the participants do not physically harm each other. . Because it is not a real life situation participants may not behave in there natural and usual way, meaning it lacks ecological validity. 3. Does not show whether the uniform worn is important to behaving aggressively which raises questions as to whether it is another factor. Outline research evidence Football Hooliganism, which was where Marsh investigated the crowds of football fans to establish whether their high level of excitement and anonymity lead to deindividuation and aggression.From this experiment Marsh concluded that aggression is one of the norms of the group, as group membership is likely to lead to aggressive behaviour, however it can also be controlled aggression. Overall Evaluation of Evidence: 1. Because it is not a real life situation participants may not behave in there natural and usual way, meaning it lacks ecological validity 2. Deindividuation means one tends to abandon personal control. The results of the research could be taken to imply that deindividuatio n can increase conformity to certain social norms and its high levels of conformity to a group rather than itself, which leads to aggression. . Evidence shows that it does not always lead to aggression, which is a difficulty as its not always true. General Points All three have good supporting evidence and so they have reliability in explaining aggression. The theories all focus on social psychology and tend to underestimate and ignore the other possibilities for the aggression such as biological influences.References: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bobo_doll_experiment http://www. learning-theories. com/social-learning-theory-bandura. html http://psy. ex. ac. uk/~tpostmes/PDF/05deindividuation. pdf

Relationships between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth

The play â€Å"Macbeth† by William Shakespeare is about cruelty, greediness, and desire of undeserved power. Actually, the main characters, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are both representative of the abovementioned qualities. Relationships between Macbeth and his wife are complex and tangled; moreover, they are changing over the play progress. Their relations play important role in the play as they aim at setting necessary atmosphere, creating moods, attitudes and feelings. It is seen that their relations aren’t perfect, though they stay with each other till the end: Macbeth: â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business: He hath honour'd me of late; and I have bought Golden opinions from all sorts of people, Which would be worn now in their newest gloss, Not cast aside so soon†.  Lady Macbeth: â€Å"Was the hope drunk wherein you dress'd yourself? Hath it slept since? And wakes it now, to look so green and pale at what it did so freely? From this time; such I account thy love. Art thou afeard to be the same in thine own act and valor; Letting â€Å"I dare not† wait upon â€Å"I would,† Like the poor cat i' the adage?† (Act I, scene II) Apparent disagreement is seen in the family and it continues throughout the play. Lady Macbeth is horrifying in her ruthlessness and cruelty, whereas she calls her husband a coward when he decides not to kill Duncan stressing that his decision is final and shouldn’t be discussed any more. In contrast to Macbeth, his wife is decision and leads everything to the end. She always makes her mind and only then acts. Lady Macbeth is provided with the power of persuasion and we see that she is more powerful than her husband as she convinces Macbeth to kill Duncan and he agrees. So, relations of the couple are based mainly on Lady’s Macbeth will as she is natural leader, whereas he husband is simply executor. Macbeth is presented to listen to his wife in such a way admitting her leadership and intellectual superiority. Nevertheless, their relations are based also on the sense of openness and mutual trust. It is hardly believable that Lady Macbeth talks her husband into murdering a person and their relationships are worsening as the mood of love is replaced by hatred. Macbeth is timid and fearful failing to go on: Macbeth: â€Å"I'll go no more: I am afraid to think what I have done; Look on't again I dare not.† Lady Macbeth: â€Å"Infirm of purpose! Give me the daggers: the sleeping and the dead Are but as pictures: 'tis the eye of childhood that fears a painted devil. If he does bleed, I'll gild the faces of the grooms withal, for it must seem their guilt†. (Act II, scene II) Nevertheless, their relations are on the peak only when Macbeth becomes a king and they are filled with joy and happiness. They are shown to free of guilt and full of love and desire of more power. They are happily discussing the number of guests from Scotland to be invited to the feast. Their relations are improving and now they are loving family rather than guilty murders. However, there are pure evil, despite they are wrapped up in a luxurious exterior. Premeditated murder is the first step into darkness and Macbeth and his wife have taken in without stopping. As far as they are free of guilt, they are agreeable and happy together. They are both presentation of masculinity in the play. They think if they are happy, their evil would turn around and â€Å"nip them in the butt†. Only after Macbeth experiences a tale of woe, his attitude towards wife is changing. It is evil which comes back and haunts him. Then Lady Macbeth is visited by Banguo, the ghost, who creates the feeling of discomfort and urgency to act: Macbeth: â€Å"Ay, and a bold one, that dare look on that which might appall the devil?† Lady Macbeth: â€Å"O proper stuff! This is the very painting of your fear: This is the air-drawn dagger which, you said, led you to Duncan. O, these flaws, and starts, – Impostors to true fear,–would well become A woman's story at a winter's fire, Authorized by her grandam. Shame itself! Why do you make such faces? When all's done, you look but on a stool†. (Act III, scene IV) Lady Macbeth supports and defends her husband. When she sees that her husband is ready to reveal everything, she lies to honored guests protecting her secrets. She loves her husband and in her speech we see she is really downcast and uncomfortable, though she is still full of love. Together they are trying to fight against the sense of guilt, the rumors supporting and nourishing their love. There are shown as united and bonded couple and it may seem that evil is succeeding. It is necessary to outline that relationships between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are directly affecting their actions, decisions and behavior. In other words, they are interconnected not only by family ties, but also common secrets. Their relations are the block of the whole play. When they are getting into detailed conversation, they always find mutual decision, though it is not a good one. Macbeth loves his wife and his life is mutual; they always try to please each other. Sometimes they relations are on the peak, though sometimes they meet the flat line. Macbeth is obsessed with greediness and Lady Macbeth is overfilled with desire to make her husband a king. So, their mutual support results in catastrophe for the country of Scotland. In the end we see that Macbeth becomes obsessed with greediness more than his cruel and demon-infested wife. He even doesn’t talk to her making Lady Macbeth commit suicide. Even then the evil in Macbeth is flourishing and he simply doesn’t notice that his beloved woman has gone. Shakespeare shows that Macbeth is on his stairway to the hell collapsing the whole empire built by Duncan. Macbeth is left alone: soldiers and his trust companion abandon him. It seems that Macbeth should feel ashamed and guilty, though he is obsessed with evil. So, desire of power and money splits up their family relations. Evil and darkness appears to be more powerful than love and happiness. Works Cited Damrosch, David. Longman Anthology of World Literature. US: Longman, 2004. Greenblatt, Stephen. Renaissance Self Fashioning: From More to   Shakespeare. US: Chicago Press, 1984. Shakespeare, William. Plays and Poems. London: Spring books, 1966. Taylor, Edward. Literary Criticism of 17th Century England. London: Universe, 2000.               

Free Essays on Andy Warhol

Andy Warhol is known to many people as the â€Å"Father of Pop Art†. He brought about many examples of the modern art style that is known as â€Å"Pop art†, in various mediums, varying from silkscreen to a cable network. Not only has Warhol greatly contributed to this revolutionary style, but also in many ways, he has created it. Andy Warhol’s style was certainly part of the select first that were even labeled as â€Å"Pop†. The pop art movement began in London during the 1950’s and then quickly spread throughout nearly the entire industrialized world. Although artists did have some overlapping styles, pop art focuses more on the subject and less on style, which was left up to each artist. The main themes that are evident in all pop art revolve around modern social values. The style in which these values were portrayed varied depending on the culture and the artist. Andy Warhol used the media, which captured his eccentricities, to his advantage and that in turn helped in projecting pop art to the public. Warhol’s timing was perfect in introducing pop. He was even separated from other pop artists who were his peers because he was clearly doing different things with his subject matter. Warhol’s continued success made him the most recognizable pop artist. He worked in a period which was referred to as the golden years for art designers and magazine publishers. This period attracted some of the most desirable graphic designers. For many, Warhol was a work of art himself, reflecting back the basic desires of a consumerist American culture. One of his most famous statements was, â€Å"Every person will be world famous for fifteen minutes†. During his life, he graduated from Carnegie Institute of technology in Pittsburg with a fine arts degree. After that he moved to New York City, where he found design jobs in advertising. Before long he had begun specializing in illustrations of shoes. His work appeared in Glamour Magazine and Vogue... Free Essays on Andy Warhol Free Essays on Andy Warhol When considering the life and works of Andy Warhol, one thing is agreed upon: for good or bad, he changed the visual construction of the world we live in. By the time of his death in 1987 he was ranked on the same level with Pablo Picasso and Jackson Pollock as one of the three most important artists of this century. He was a working man, a social climber, a person who liked to build things, an acquirer of goods, and a known homosexual. These attributes all contributed to the interesting and complicated nature of his art. Andrew Warhola, was born August 6, 1928 in Pittsburg. He was the youngest son of Czechoslovakian immigrants. Andrew was born at the time of the Wall Street Crash (1929) and the Great Depression. Like millions of other families, Andrew’s father could not find work and his early childhood was very difficult and deprived. After several years his family’s financial situation improved and he was older he attend a commercial design course at Pittsburgh’s Carnegie Institute of Technology. Although he was very shy and had a strong fear of failure, he did very well there. In 1949, Andrew Warhola moved to New York. After his first commission to illustrate shoes, Andrew noticed that the final ‘a’ of his name was omitted in the credits and since decided to call himself Andy Warhol (a name that he considered youthful). He quickly became a successful and highly paid commercial artist in the 1950’s but desperately wished for fame as a fine artist. He was unsuccessful in his efforts and sold few exhibits. Andrew became depressed and believed that the ‘fine art world’ had rejected his art as old fashioned and irrelevant. Andy needed new ideas to help boost his creativity. He got several ideas from a woman named Muriel Latow; a gallery owner he knew. She advised him to paint what he loved most (like money) or what everybody would recognize (soup cans and coke bottles). Andy expanded on these ideas and his pai... Free Essays on Andy Warhol Andy Warhol Biography 1928-1987 No other artist is as much identified with Pop Art as Andy Warhol is. The media called him the Prince of Pop. Warhol made his way from a Pittsburgh working class family to an American legend. Born in Pittsburgh Andy was born in 1930 in Pittsburgh as the son of Slovak immigrants. His original name was Andrew Warhola. His father was as a construction worker and died in an accident when Andy was 13 years old. Andy showed an early talent in drawing and painting. After high school he studied commercial art at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh. Warhol graduated in 1949 and went to New York where he worked as an illustrator for magazines like Vogue and Harpar's Bazaar and for commercial advertising. He soon became one of New York's most sought of and successful commercial illustrators. The Pop Icon In 1952 Andy Warhol had his first one-man show exhibition at the Hugo Gallery in New York. In 1956 he had an important group exhibition at the renowned Museum of Modern Art. In the sixties Warhol started painting daily objects of mass production like Campbell Soup cans and Coke bottles. Soon he became a famous figure in the New York art scene. From 1962 on he started making silkscreen prints of famous personalities like Marilyn Monroe or Elizabeth Taylor. The spirit of Andy Warhol’s art was to remove the difference between fine arts and the commercial arts used for magazine illustrations, comic books, record albums or advertising campaigns. Warhol once expressed his philosophy in one poignant sentence: "When you think about it, department stores are kind of like museums". The Factory The pop artist not only depicted mass products but he also wanted to mass-produce his own works of pop art. Consequently he founded The Factory in 1962. It was an art studio where he employed in a rather chaotic way "art workers" to mass-produce mainly prints and posters but also other items like shoes des... Free Essays on Andy Warhol Pop art is a movement that occurred near the end of the 1950’s. It was a reaction to the seriousness of Abstract Expressionism. Pop art emphasized contemporary social values, the sprawl of urban life, the vulgar, the superficial, and the flashy. Advertising provided a number of starting points for the subjects. A particular favorite advertisement form that Warhol likes to use was product labels. You will see quite a few examples of this in some of his work. (Grolier 1996) Warhol did most of his well-know works in a four year span from 1960 to 1964. He started out by reproducing images such as comic strips on much larger canvases. Some examples of these would be Nancy, Dick Tracy, Superman, and Popeye. He later became much more interested in reproducing labels of products and some people. This became a standard procedure for Warhol during this period. He later began to make movies and photography. (Coplans pg 47-48) At the beginning of his work, he started out with the making comic strip â€Å"reproductions.† They really shouldn’t be considered reproductions because they aren’t always an extremely accurate portrayal of the product. Some of his pieces such as the thirty-two painting collection of Campbell’s Soup Cans, are almost identical to the models he used. While others have a looser quality and are merely starting points on which to begin. (Coplans pg 47) He accomplished the mass amounts of the same subject through many methods. Sometimes he would just paint each of the subjects by hand, one by one. Other times he would use stamp molds and silk-screening. The silk-screening process is very similar to that of an intricate and sophisticated stencil. There is a screen made of fine silk or similar material that is made impermeable to all places except that of the area wanted to be colored. This is done photomechanically, a process that makes photographs into silkscreen. The silk-screening process is fairly simple. You pour ink ... Free Essays on Andy Warhol Andy Warhol is known to many people as the â€Å"Father of Pop Art†. He brought about many examples of the modern art style that is known as â€Å"Pop art†, in various mediums, varying from silkscreen to a cable network. Not only has Warhol greatly contributed to this revolutionary style, but also in many ways, he has created it. Andy Warhol’s style was certainly part of the select first that were even labeled as â€Å"Pop†. The pop art movement began in London during the 1950’s and then quickly spread throughout nearly the entire industrialized world. Although artists did have some overlapping styles, pop art focuses more on the subject and less on style, which was left up to each artist. The main themes that are evident in all pop art revolve around modern social values. The style in which these values were portrayed varied depending on the culture and the artist. Andy Warhol used the media, which captured his eccentricities, to his advantage and that in turn helped in projecting pop art to the public. Warhol’s timing was perfect in introducing pop. He was even separated from other pop artists who were his peers because he was clearly doing different things with his subject matter. Warhol’s continued success made him the most recognizable pop artist. He worked in a period which was referred to as the golden years for art designers and magazine publishers. This period attracted some of the most desirable graphic designers. For many, Warhol was a work of art himself, reflecting back the basic desires of a consumerist American culture. One of his most famous statements was, â€Å"Every person will be world famous for fifteen minutes†. During his life, he graduated from Carnegie Institute of technology in Pittsburg with a fine arts degree. After that he moved to New York City, where he found design jobs in advertising. Before long he had begun specializing in illustrations of shoes. His work appeared in Glamour Magazine and Vogue... Free Essays on Andy Warhol Andy Warhol The title of this exhibit is â€Å"15 Minutes and Counting.† It featured a variety of popular and exciting works of art from artist Andy Warhol. The title of this work could quite possibly have been a play on Warhol’s popularity with the pop art movement. Andy Warhol was considered to be and categorized as a â€Å"pop artist.† This pop art that he was famous for was very loud and untraditional in its composition. Andy explored an easy medium that was accurate when manipulated correctly and produced numerous prints. The medium was sreenprinting. Screen-printing was repetitive and dull so Andy decided to use synthetic polymer paint to spice up the backgrounds and to give each print a different spectrum of color to the uniform prints. One other medium that was skillfully used by Warhol and popular to the public was that of lithography. This was a poster-like look. Herni Toulouse Lautrec first created lithography for artistic purposes. It was originally us ed for advertisement purposes. In 1891, Lautrec did a lithograph entitled â€Å"Moulin Rouge.† This became popular to the people alive in the Art Nouveau period of history. All of Andy’s works lacked depth and shadows making them strictly two-dimensional. He used cultural icons that were popular at the time in order to preserve their limited time of fame. Andy said, â€Å"In the future, everyone will be famous for fifteen minutes.† I think he meant that everyone shines in one way or another in his or her life, whether it be publically or privately. Another interpretation that I have derived from this is that every cultural icon that is preserved at the time in his artwork will eventually have their fifteen minutes passed up. Upon viewing the exhibit I discovered how hard that it was to find a piece that connected to me through our CULF class considering that I am not familiar with jazz at all. However, I decide upon Andy’s work entitled, â€Å" The Letter to... Free Essays on Andy Warhol The formal education of women artists in the United States has taken quite a long journey. It wasn’t until the nineteenth century that the workings of a recognized education for these women finally appeared. Two of the most famous and elite schools of art that accepted, and still accept, women pupils are the Philadelphia School of Design for Women and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (the PAFA). Up until the early nineteenth century, women were mostly taught what is now called a â€Å"fashionable education† (Philadelphia School of Design for Women 5). Their mothers raised them to be proper, young ladies and expert housekeepers in expectation of marriage. If these women were fortunate enough to receive some kind of formalized schooling, they were to study penmanship, limited aspects of their mother language, and very little arithmetic (Philadelphia School of Design for Women 5). Unfortunately, this small degree of education was extremely constrictive to women. I f they never married or were widowed at a young age, they really had no place to go. This form of women’s education created generations of women that were almost entirely dependent on their husbands and male relatives. During the nineteenth century, when the feminist movement was beginning, many schools were established specifically for the education of women, such as the Philadelphia School of Design for Women, and also for the education of both. In the beginning, women’s art schools mostly taught pupils practical applications of art. For example, female art students often studied drawing and lithographing, in hopes that they would be hired by industrial companies as designers. The Philadelphia School of Design for Women was one of the first all women’s art schools to establish this form of education. Founded in 1844 by a woman named Sarah Peter, the Philadelphia School of Design for Women was a school like none that had come before it. Peter was a wealthy woma n o...

Stereotypes of American Citizens

Stereotypes of American Citizens The American citizens have diverse stereotypes that emanate from their inherent attributes such as gender, race, ethnicity, culture, occupation, and/or ancestral origin. McAndrew and Akande lament that in the United States, African Americans are the most stereotyped due to racial discrimination and the dark history of slavery (650). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stereotypes of American Citizens specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The whites see African Americans as poor, lazy, superstitious, primitive, and criminal race. Western stereotypes depict Native Americans as fierce warriors, violent, criminals, drunkards, primitive and hunters, while European Americans stereotypes are intellectual, rich, racists, powerful, hardworking and innovative in their occupations. Primitivism, criminals, illegal immigrants, smugglers, terrorists and actors are the major stereotypes associated with the Latino Americans. The westerners also portray Asian Americas as culture oriented, intruders, intelligent, innovative, sexually active, and hardworking. The westerners also view Middle East Americans as Muslims, moneyed, terrorists, bombers, thieves, and murders. Gender stereotypes in the United States reflects men as tall, huge, quiet and powerful while women are tall, slim, talkative and less powerful. Given the diversity of stereotypes that the Americans hold about each racial group, how do they affect effective communication? Stereotypes of various racial groups in the United States occur in the literature, media and comedies. The media constantly portray certain attributes and characters associated with given racial groups, thus changing the perceptions of Americans resulting into stereotypes. In schools, literature and socialization generates more stereotypes of various races. From the stereotyped attributes, I realized that the most prominent stereotypes about certain race are the negative ones implying th at stereotyping is degradation of real attributes concerning specific groups. I discovered that stereotypes do not reflect the true and accurate attributes of a particular race or ethnic group because they are forms of criticism, which always tend to portray real attributes of the people in the most negative way possible. Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the society, people form stereotypes to criticize, abuse, or even defame others in social and political arenas. Stereotypes are common during times of social unrest, political campaigns, games and other social gathering. Since stereotypes involve defamation, abuse and criticism, they are unfair because they negatively portray true attributes of the people. Stereotypes such as primitiveness and naivety interfere with successful communication because the person communicating sees the other as someone who does not understand t he topic or the context of discussion and this degrading perspective contravenes existence of any meaningful engagement. Eventually, the communicating partners would not communicate effectively due to the stereotypes. Moreover, since stereotypes due to racial differences tend to classify people into stereotyped groups, the most negatively stereotyped group would feel degraded and develop fears, which would significantly interfere with effective intergroup communication. Stereotypes such as criminality, violence, and terrorism associated with particular races scare other racial group and prevent friendly interaction, which interferes with effective interracial communication. Understanding one’s stereotypes and those associated with other racial or ethnic groups would enhance effective communication. For effective communication to occur, one should be able to indentify offending stereotyped language and character in order to avoid annoying others who perceive such stereotypes as offensive. Nurturing of positive stereotypes about certain racial or ethnic group enhances socialization and thus effective communication. For example, identifying with cultural lifestyles of particular racial or ethnic groups promotes intercultural interaction, which ultimately improves effective communication. Stereotyping affects relationship among friends; for instance, one day my friends teased me that I looked like a Negro and went further to discusses how Negroes are presumably primitive, naà ¯ve and poor. This experience heralded the death of our relationship even though the perpetrators of the same were my very close friends. We almost fought and for the first time I hated my friends for upholding misconstrued opinions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stereotypes of American Citizens specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More McAndrew, Frank, and Akande, Antoun. African of Americans of African and European De scent. Journal of Social Psychology 135.5 (1995): 649–655.

Blasted Wabbitt Essay Research Paper Insomnia is

Blasted Wabbitt Essay, Research Paper Insomnia is the perceptual experience or ailment of unequal or poor-quality slumber because of one or more of the followers: 1.difficulty falling asleep 2 ) waking up often during the dark with trouble returning to kip 3 ) waking up to early in the forenoon 4 ) unrefreshing slumber. Insomnia is non defined by the figure of hours of slumber a individual gets or how long it takes to fall asleep. Persons vary usually in their demand for, and their satisfaction with, slumber. Insomnia may do jobs during the daylight, such as fatigue, a deficiency of energy, trouble concentrating, and crossness. A bout 15 % of grownups study severe or frequent insomnia, and another 15 % complain of mild or occasional insomnia ( Bootzin, 1993pg.191 ) . I interviewed a friend of mine who had this job, insomnia, his name was Guy. He told me that he found him self-falling in to the 15 % of grownups who are enduring from insomnia. In his first-year twelvemonth of college here in Akron University. When he started school he told him self that he would analyze on the weekdays and non party until the weekend, so he can acquire good grads and sleep well. His program lasted for approximately two hebdomads, because he started a new occupation and he had to work from 7:00p.m until 11:30p.m. the occupation gave him, a batch of emphasis, because it was a telemarketing occupation ; every twenty-four hours he would travel to work and seek to sell recognition cards to people. Every twenty-four hours he would acquire screamed at by costumiers on the phone. He wasn # 8217 ; Ts pleased with his occupation, it was giving him a batch of emphasis, but he had to work, so he can pay for his rent and some of his measures. He told me that the lone ground he stayed in teleselling is because it pays truly good. After work every twenty-four hours he and some of his crow workers would travel to downtown, to the bars to acquire some int oxicant drinks and after word he goes back to kip at 3 :00a.m and weak up 7:30a.m to travel to school. That agenda affected his surveies a batch and his hall life, his household dishonored him because of his bad grads, he started to experience stressed all the clip, so one twenty-four hours he decided to non travel to the bars any more, and to work different displacements so he can analyze and kip good. When he started his new agenda he couldn’t sleep any more because his organic structure intestine used to kip tardily and he felt that he has insomnia, so he went to a physician to give him pills so he can travel back to kip as normal, the physician told him that he has chronic insomnia, that caused by depression and imbibing intoxicant before traveling to bed. The physician gave him kiping pills to assist him to better his kiping wonts. He besides has to see a doctor to closely measure effectivity and minimise side effects. He besides tried some of relaxation therapy, sleep limitation therapy. It helped him a batch to better in hi s life and his surveies. Now he is making great at school and his life is acquiring better now. A batch of inquiries were asked from people for illustration: Who gets insomnia? and how is it diagnosed? And how is it treated? Insomnia is found in males and females of all age groups, although it seems to be more common in females than males ( particularly after climacteric ) and in the aged. The ability to kip, instead than the demand for slumber, appears to diminish with forward age. Patients with insomnia are evaluated with the aid of a medical history and a sleep history. A batch of insomnia like transient and intermittent may non necessitate intervention since episodes last merely a few yearss at a clip. A batch of people think that they have insomnia, but the lab work proofed that some people go to kip truly good in the lab. They imagine them self that they are traveling about in bed but they are really sleep.

Motivation and Management (Argentina Suites) Essay

Motivation and Management (Argentina Suites) - Essay Example ew of the case indicates that the primary cultural and social institutional challenges/problems confronting Argentina Suites is the absence of an organisational culture, as would promote both organisational commitment and ethical behaviors among employees, and a leadership vacuum. Arguing that Argentina Suites’ problem primarily stems from the absence, or nature of its organisational culture, necessitates the definition of the latter and an explanation of its importance. The concept of organizational culture is of singular importance within organizational framework, insofar as it embraces and articulates specific organization’s unique set of ethos. That ethos is the primary force shaping and directing the level of formality operative within an organization; the degree of loyalty employees exhibit towards it; and the ethical standards and behavioural norms that supposedly guide the actions of employees. Indeed, as MacMohan and Harvey (2007) contend, an organization’s culture simultaneously functions as the foundations upon which employees base their behavior and the environment within which organisational commitment and loyalty are born. As such, it is the framework within which an organisation’s social and institutional characteris tics are defined and, accordingly, can function to either motivate organisational success or determine failure (MacMohan and Harvey, 2007). In direct reference to Argentina Suites, the absence of an organisational culture is evident in the behavior of employees. Irrespective of the fact that the majority cannot seem to articulate the requirements and responsibilities of their job, the fact is that they do not even adhere to those responsibilities which they know to be an integral part of their job description. Hence, the front of the hotel is often left unattended and employees regularly leave their posts. Added to that, employee behaviors and decisions have, on occasions, been incontrovertibly unethical and have, as

Terrorism Enforcement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Terrorism Enforcement - Research Paper Example Also, enforced sentences on international terrorists is not impressive given that by May 2006, the average sentence for individuals convicted dropped to 20 days from the prior 41 months. Terrorism Enforcement: 9/11 Aftermath Introduction September 11 is a day that marked great changes in relation to terrorism enforcement especially in the USA. A few months after the 9/11 event, the then Bush administration and Congress worked closely in putting up vital adjustments to the Department of Homeland security. The private and public sector agreed to work together where federal agents and airport security staff performed searches to individuals for explosives and weapons which could be used for terrorism activities. The then president of the United States of America issued secret orders to intensify surveillance programs headed by the National Security Agency (NSA). In the same period, the congress worked indefatigably to establish laws to enable terrorism enforcement. Majority of these law s controlled the flow of legal and illegal immigrants and visitors to the US as well as establishing systems critical to preventing terrorism. The following paper looks into the legal side of terrorism enforcement largely inspired by the act of terrorism in September 9th 2001 in the United States in New York City and the Washington, D.C. After 9/11, categories of terrorists were increased. This was done to enhance effective information gathering and analysis as terrorism enforcement is sort out for. The new bookkeeping system is aimed at diversifying activities of anti-terrorism as well as checking kinds of terrorism. The US government has categorized a considerably large number of individuals as terrorists and antiterrorists. The following table show categorized individuals between 2001 after the attacks and 2006. Source: Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (TRAC, 2006) Federal prosecutors resolved that 64% of the total set of completions do not deserve prosecution. An addit ional 9% of the completions were either found not guilty or their cases were dismissed after prosecution. This means that approximately 27% of the total sets of completion were convicted. This statistics leads to a conclusion that of the total set of 6,472 people categorized as antiterrorist or terrorist, only one-fifth of the total number were convicted by 2006 since the 9/11 attacks. The table below shows the actual anti-terrorism and terrorism categories. Source: Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse (TRAC, 2006) The low rate of success in achieving conviction can be clearly seen by the attainment of only 1329 convictions from the 6472 individuals categorized by terrorism enforcement agencies. A look at the nature of convictions raises an even more interesting picture. Approximately one percent (14 individuals) of all convictions bares a substantial sentence of 20 and above years. 67 individuals received penalties of sentences longer or equal to 5 years. This represents only 5% of the total set of completions. It is worth noting that the rest of the individuals received minor convictions: 704 individuals were not imprisoned while 327 of the remaining had imprisonment periods less than a year. Simply put, the median imprisonment figure was zero. Countering International Terrorism Trends After the 9/11 attacks, an international terrorist was defined as â€Å"an individual suspected of having been involved in acts that are violent

5th and 6th Amendment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

5th and 6th Amendment - Essay Example This is why a police officer does not need a warrant when, in the course of a traffic stop, s/he frisks a subject prior to engaging in a discussion with them. The balance of the officer’s personal safety versus the infringement on the privacy of the individual tips in favor of the officer because a reasonable person would perceive the need for safety. Searching the subject or his car for drugs, however, requires a higher standard. Probable cause goes beyond the suspicion that criminal activity has or will take place and moves more into the investigative realm. The probable cause standard is basically the amount of information the police are required to have prior to a search or seizure of property. An office who stops a vehicle for speeding has reasonable suspicion to do so, but does not have authority to search the car. If, however, during the course of the traffic stop the officer sees drug paraphernalia on the back seat, s/he has probable cause to search the cabin of the ve hicle—but not the trunk; that requires consent from the individual or a warrant. If a K-9 unit is brought in based on the paraphernalia and the dog â€Å"hits† on the trunk, a warrant is easily obtained because the police have probable cause to demonstrate a crime is being committed. The Fifth Amendment, in relevant part, states that no person shall â€Å"be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Cornell, 2008, n.p.). The purpose of the clause is to prevent unreasonable searches and seizures similar to that experienced under the British Colonial rule of the American Colonies. The basic premise is that government actors (police officers, prosecutors, other officials) cannot deprive a defendant of life, liberty, or property at a whim or based on nameless suspicion; there is a responsibility held by the officers to ensure that all of a citizen’s rights are protected. The action is

Phase 3 Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Phase 3 Individual Project - Essay Example l hearing of the case, from the beginning to its conclusion, and it identifies the various liberties the offender enjoys as provided in the 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th and 14th Amendments. From this analysis, the objective of this paper is to identify and explain the elements of the court system and the roles of various participants in the dispensation of justice. It seeks to differentiate the rules of procedure found in the 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th and 14th Amendments and thereafter identifies and explains the legal issues in the prosecution of the mentioned case. A procedure needs to be followed in initiating the prosecution of the offense. The American constitution uses the phrase in the 5th and 14th to denote that the government shall not take a person’s life or property without following the established laws and procedures. The 5th Amendment protects people from illegal actions of the Federal government and the 14th Amendment protects them from actions by the State and Local governments (Friedman, 1985). The first process in presenting a case against Jesse is to seek an arrest warrant from the superior court. This is an essential requirement of the United States of America Constitution. The prosecutor will present formal evidence to the judge that is legally sufficient and proves that Jesse committed the murder. The judge will examine the case and rule on whether the evidence is sufficient enough to warrant an arrest or the prosecution needs to produce more evidence. The implication of this hearing is that it either allows the prosecution to continue with the case or to drop the case. Once an approval is granted, Jesse will be arrested and brought before a judge to deny or admit the charges brought against him. This is called the arraignment stage. The judge will inform Jesse of the state’s accusation against him and determine whether Jesse should remain in prison or be granted bail. Under the 4th Amendment, the constitution guarantees protection of people against

Experimental economic summary paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Experimental economic summary paper - Essay Example 25 per cent of the non-economists called â€Å"all of the endowment† as fair investment whereas 75 per cent of them considered it to be â€Å"half or more† of the donation. The behavior of economics students was significantly different. To public account, they offered no more than 20 per cent of the donation. All non-economists said that they valued â€Å"fairness† in deciding about the investment whereas most of the economics students did not know what â€Å"fairness† is. Likewise, Carter and Irons (1991) who compared the behavior of economists and non-economists using an ultimatum bargaining game, found economists to be more complying with the characteristics of the self-interest model in the roles of both the allocator and the receiver than their non-economics counterparts. The charitable giving survey and results of the prisoner’s dilemma also supported the opinion that the likelihood of free riding is more profound in economists than non-econom ists.

Child Brides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Child Brides - Essay Example Doll represents the child - dolls are often used as puppets or symbols. Children are very often manipulated like dolls by their parents at a still young age as they are too young to be able to understand what is really happening. The female characters in â€Å"A Dolls House† by the author and playwright Henrik Ibsen project the idea that women are merely self-sacrificing entities of society. A woman can only justify her existence on earth by dedicating herself to others. It is a reality in most societies, where child marriages are still practised, that women practically have no rights whatsoever and are held in a condescending or patronizing manner by the men. The husband in the play â€Å"A Dolls House† treated her wife as a mere object or plaything, that made his wife feel depressed and trapped in the marriage (Ibsen, 2009:50). This â€Å"burka dolls† idea came from my last video project and how women are manipulated. This doll represents Islam although I am looking for a symbol towards my work; however my intention is not against Islam. According to my peers and my audience, its seems this is against Islam because I have been looking at Sara Maples works (haram or forbidden painting) who is against Islam and shown holding a pig, in which it is considered a sin to hold a pig because it is a dirty animal and therefore forbidden to cradle or handle it.

Experimental economic summary paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Experimental economic summary paper - Essay Example 25 per cent of the non-economists called â€Å"all of the endowment† as fair investment whereas 75 per cent of them considered it to be â€Å"half or more† of the donation. The behavior of economics students was significantly different. To public account, they offered no more than 20 per cent of the donation. All non-economists said that they valued â€Å"fairness† in deciding about the investment whereas most of the economics students did not know what â€Å"fairness† is. Likewise, Carter and Irons (1991) who compared the behavior of economists and non-economists using an ultimatum bargaining game, found economists to be more complying with the characteristics of the self-interest model in the roles of both the allocator and the receiver than their non-economics counterparts. The charitable giving survey and results of the prisoner’s dilemma also supported the opinion that the likelihood of free riding is more profound in economists than non-econom ists.

Pricing policies Essay Example for Free

Pricing policies Essay 1. In making promises that are not guaranteed by third parties and in imposing penalties that are not enforced by third parties, all of the following are credibility-enhancing mechanisms except 2. Essential components of a game include all of the following except: 3. A key to analyzing subgame perfect equilibrium strategy in sequential games is 4. When airlines post prices on an electronic bulletin board at 8:00 a.m. each morning, the decision-makers are engaged in 5. Credible promises and hostage mechanisms can support a continuous stream of cooperative exchanges except when 6. Firms that have a cover charge for their customers and charge for each item they purchase as well are exhibiting 7. The segmenting of customers into several small groups such as household, institutional, commercial, and industrial users, and establishing a different rate schedule for each group is known as: 8. Vacation tours to Europe invariably package visits to disparate regions: cities, mountains, and the seaside. Bundling, a type of second degree price discrimination, is most profitable when: 9. Which of the following pricing policies best identifies when a product should be expanded, maintained, or discontinued? 10. ____ is a new product pricing strategy which results in a high initial product price. This price is reduced over time as demand at the higher price is satisfied. 11. Which of the following is not among the functions of contract? 12. Mac trucks and their dealers would likely have an organizational form of 13. Contracts are distinguished from tactical alliances by which of the following characteristics: 14. Which of the following are not approaches to resolving the principal-agent problem? 15. When retail bicycle dealers advertise and perform warranty repairs but do not deliver the personal selling message that Schwinn has designed as part of the marketing plan but cannot observe at less than prohibitive cost, the manufacturer has encountered a problem of ____. 16. ____ occurs whenever a third party receives or bears costs arising from an economic transaction in which the individual (or group) is not a direct participant. 17. The antitrust laws regulate all of the following business decisions except ____. 18. The sentiment for increased deregulation in the late 1970s and early 1980s has been felt most significantly in the price regulation of 19. The Herfindahl-Hirschman index (also shortened to just the Herfindahl index) is a measure of 20. The lower the barriers to entry and exit, the more nearly a market structure fits the ____ market model. 21. If the acceptance of Project A makes it impossible to accept Project B, these projects are: 22. Cost-benefit analysis is the public sector counterpart to ____ used in private, profit-oriented firms. 23. The weights used in calculating the firms weighted-average cost of capital are equal to the proportion of debt and equity ____. 24. In order to help assure that all relevant factors will be considered, the capital-expenditure selection process should include the following steps except: 25. The social rate of discount is best approximated by: 1. Theoretically, in a long-run cost function: 2. The degree of operating leverage is equal to the ____ change in ____ divided by the ____ change in ____. 3. Which of the following is not an assumption of the linear breakeven model: 4. In the linear breakeven model, the breakeven sales volume (in dollars) can be found by multiplying the breakeven sales volume (in units) by: 5. In the linear breakeven model, the difference between selling price per unit and variable cost per unit is referred to as: 6. The short-run cost function is: 7. The problems of asymmetric information exchange arise ultimately because 8. A firm in pure competition would shut down when: 9. An experience good is one that: 10. In the purely competitive case, marginal revenue (MR) is equal to: 11. If price exceeds average costs under pure competition, ____ firms will enter the industry, supply will ____, and price will be driven ____. 12. Buyers anticipate that the temporary warehouse seller of unbranded computer equipment will 13. What is the profit maximization point for a firm in a purely competitive environment? 14. The practice by telephone companies of charging lower long-distance rates at night than during the day is an example of: 15. The demand curve facing the firm in ____ is the same as the industry demand curve. 16. Declining cost industries 17. Of the following, which is not an economic rationale for public utility regulation? 18. When the cross elasticity of demand between one product and all other products is low, one is generally referring to a(n) ____ situation. 19. Regulatory agencies engage in all of the following activities except _______. 20. Barometric price leadership exists when 21. A cartel is a situation where firms in the industry 22. The existence of a kinked demand curve under oligopoly conditions may result in 23. Some industries that have rigid prices. In those industries, we tend to 24. If a cartel seeks to maximize profits, the market share (or quota) for each firm should be set at a level such that the ____ of all firms is identical. 25. A(n) ____ is characterized by a relatively small number of firms producing a product.

Implementation of a Risk Communication Plan

Implementation of a Risk Communication Plan Following the reported deaths of hundreds of birds in Esperance in Western Australian between December 2006 and March 2007, it was discovered that lead being transported through the towns port were responsible for their deaths. However, much of the community was unaware of this until it became public as part of the investigation into bird deaths in the local environment. Esperance saw itself as an idyllic rural community, with a sound economic basis, but removed from the problems associated with cities, such as pollution. Once the lead problem was identified, residents became very concerned about their childrens health and demanded immediate action. In order to address the concerns of the affected parties, a risk communication plan is essential so as the risk assessment team is able to improve risk understanding among target groups, disclose information about hazards to people whom might be exposed, legitimise risk-related decisions in favor of acceptance or rejection of specific risk sources. It also has the role to breakdown the risk management process to the target audience so that assessors can build up trust in the risk fairness of the management process while at the same ensuring that there is enough individual risk reduction information to improve public protection. Finally the risk communication plan promotes support towards the communicating agency as it provides guidelines for emergency situations and educates decision-makers about public concerns and perceptions. (Sue Lang, Lorna Fewtrell and Jamie Bartram, 2001, p.320) There are multiple stakeholders involved in this crisis, starting with the residents of the community, governmental departments such as the department of water, environment and planning, local businesses, the companies exporting the metals, the port authorities and media. A risk communication (RC) needs assessment was run prior in order to identify the major stakeholders involved in the in this crisis and to identify the issues of concerns of for each group, the goals from the interaction with each group and be able to choose and adequate technique of approach to each type of stakeholder. The RC needs assessment had led to understand that various stakeholders had different issues of interests and concerns and that whether their concerns were, the techniques of approach to them may overlap. The key stakeholders were identified to be the residents of Esperence, health department, water department, port authorities, tourism operators, business owners, the media, local authorities and department of environment, local government and department of planning. The key issues noted during the assessment were the risk to the health of the residents, risks to local businesses such as tourism, relocation of locals, and panic within the community due to health hazards. The table below identifies the issues that meant to be addressed in a risk communication plan and how they are link to the plans goal together with the activities needed to be carried out so as to reach the goals. It should also be noted that descending order of the issues representative of the priority given to each individual issue. (R Brian Pickard, Risk Communication Plan Guidance,   2013 p.24) ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED PLANS GOALS ACTIVITIES Local residents concerns regarding the hazards Provide the residents necessary   and adequate information to address their concerns Provide information to the residents by activities such as distributing information on physical or electrical mediums. Develop and maintain relationships and supports two-way communication with public community groups, and the news media. Concerns of the health department regarding crisis Provide them with the outreach of the crisis; how many people are affected and to which extent. Maintain direct communication for health persons via phone, email or in person. So that they received necessary data as they require it. Level of information between assessors and Department of water Share findings obtain through research to concerned department so it knows where they stand and how they can mitigate the situation Ensure that they receive   tangible information in terms of documents and findings which they can consult and base action plan upon Concerns about treat to local businesses. Assess impact of contamination on local businesses. Hold meeting with the concerned stakeholders and discuss ways by which they are being affected and try find solutions. Department of planning Provide the department expected outcomes in case of an imminent crisis Ensure that they receive   tangible information in terms of documents and findings which they can consult and base action plan upon Nature and types of information being released by the media Audit the quality of information being released to the press. Monitoring of information released through various media outlets; websites, newspapers, television and radio by appointing media trackers Threat to port activities and jobs at stake Assess situation and find possible links between issues and port. Minimize potential risk of activities shutdown. Meet with responsible of activities and discuss Communication at all stages of the program is important. People need to be informed about key developments so they will be able to make the most of the program. Information should be disclosed to community members throughout the program, especially before starting key activities, before making changes to the program and upon encountering delays. The order/timing in which information is disclosed to the various stakeholders depends upon who they represent in the community and the value of their feedback so that when a wider public is informed, the risk assessment plan has already been revised to that it understood by the majority of the stakeholders. The resources to be deployed for the risk communication plan relies greatly on the budget allocated to the assessment. While a great part of the resources remain man power which favors easier communication, builds up trust among the community, provides for skills for data collection and analysis depending upon the budget communication methods such as mass media and dedicated can employed, else inexpensive methods inexpensive, such as sharing information at community meetings, working with community and committees creating simple posters can be used., There are various challenges that might hinder the implementation of this; unwillingness for stakeholders to cooperate, coordinate risk communication messages among multiple communicators who are communicating about the same issue or time constraints. (Cabinet Implementation Unit Toolkit, 2013, p.3). The roles and responsibilities in order to implement the risk communication plan correctly are as listed below. ROLE RESPONSIBILITIES Public Information Officer Implement risk communication plan and directs information disclosure Provide information to stakeholder through various mediums Create and uphold two conversation between all stakeholders .Maintains current information summaries and/or displays on the incident. Responsible to communicate information to   pertinent staff Develop presentations for utility executives Prepare responses to constituent inquiries. Content and Message Coordinator Develops pathways to receive information rapidly from various institutes regarding public health emergencies and works with available subject matter experts to create situation-specific fact sheets and updates. Media Coordinator . Assesses media needs (e.g., briefings, statements) and bridges the gap between the public and sources Direct Public Outreach Coordinator Responsible for public service announcement and initiates telephone information line Partner/Stakeholder Coordinator Sets up communication protocols based on agreements with identified partners and stakeholders. Media Tracker Monitors available internally and externally identifies misinformation, provides, assess the quality of communication, takes action to amend wrong information, tracks press releases, monitors news outlets and web sites, and drives away (stories that may or may not be true)

An Analysis of Effectiveness Essay -- Martin Luther King Toni Morrison

An Analysis of Effectiveness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin Luther King Jr. and Toni Morrison are two of the many great writers of the late twentieth century. Their styles follow rhetorical guidelines to create persuasive arguments and clear writing. To show how they accomplish this I will be comparing the rhetorical style used by King in 'Letter from a Birmingham Jail,'; with that of Morrison in 'Friday on the Potomac.'; Each of these works result from strong opinions surrounding the issue of racial equality in the United States, and each appeals to the desire of achieving that equality. In order to address a sensitive topic such as racism and achieve the desired results, the authors had to implement various methods of persuasion. While each author chooses different manners with which to accomplish this, each forms clear writing with convincing arguments. They achieve this clarity due to their understanding and use of ethos, pathos, and logos as the foundations for creating these arguments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before we can examine the writing on the basis of these three elements, we must first understand the meanings of each. They were conceptualized by Aristotle as the keys to persuading an audience. Ethos, directly translated, means 'worthy of belief,'; and deals with establishing credibility. Pathos involves 'putting hearers†¦into the right frame of mind with regard to certain issues and the speakers persuasive intent'; (Smith 83). Logos includes the arguments that are used to make a point, and involves the basis upon which the arguments were made. The use of these three elements in harmony with each other will produce a persuasive argument according to Aristotle. Being that he did 'write the book on rhetoric,'; I will be using the ideas of Aristotle as the blueprint for effective writing to which I will compare the works of King and Morrison.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First I will examine Martin Luther King Jr.'s letter which embodies all of the characteristics outlined by Aristotle. The most clearly presented element in King's article is the use of ethos. King establishes himself as a credible and learned man early in the letter so that the reader has an immediate connection with him, and then he carries the thought throughout the letter's entirety. Within the first paragraph he uses this tactic when he writes, 'If I sought to answer all the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would h... ...How could the notion of union, nation, or state surface when race, gender, and class†¦dominated every moment and word of the confirmation process?'; (Morrison xii). The answer to the question lies within itself and forms the basis of her argument to follow throughout the essay. She then begins to demonstrate how race, gender, and class played into the hearings, in order to substantiate the argument. The reader then has no choice but to agree with her ideas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thus, we see that both Morrison and King were both admirable in their abilities to persuade their audiences, though each did so using different tactics. King focused mainly on establishing his own credibility so that his statements would bear the appropriate weight necessary for effectiveness. Morrison, however focused her strategy on the manipulation of the audience by using their emotions and empowering them to confirm her arguments. Regardless of the individual focus of each author's style, they both contained the necessary elements of successful writing as defined by Aristotle: ethos, pathos, and logos. These elements form the backbone upon which all good writing should form, and these two passages verify that.

Filial Ingratitude in Shakespeares King Lear Essay -- King Lear essay

Filial Ingratitude in Shakespeare's King Lear      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Shakespeare's King Lear, the main plot, which is focused around the error of King Lear, is mirrored by the subplot, which is based on the Earl of Gloucester's mistake. The main plot parallels the subplot in order to reiterate one of the main themes of the play, filial ingratitude.   At first, both Gloucester & Lear are unaware that their disloyal offspring are taking advantage of them, and they have wrongfully accused their virtuous heirs.   When they discover their mistakes however, it is too late to correct them.  Ã‚      In Act I, Scene I, Goneril claims, "Sir, I love you more than words can wield the matter...a love that makes breath poor, and speech unable; beyond all manner of so much I love you" lines 54-60.   Regan, her evil counterpart also declares, " [I] alone felicitate in your dear highness' love" lines 73-74.   Cordelia, his honest daughter cannot grant him such unfounded flattery and relies, "I love your majesty according to my bond; nor more nor less" lines 89-90.   Lear enraged at her answer, b...

A Game of Thrones Chapter Fifteen

Sansa Eddard Stark had left before dawn, Septa Mordane informed Sansa as they broke their fast. â€Å"The king sent for him. Another hunt, I do believe. There are still wild aurochs in these lands, I am told.† â€Å"I've never seen an aurochs,† Sansa said, feeding a piece of bacon to Lady under the table. The direwolf took it from her hand, as delicate as a queen. Septa Mordane sniffed in disapproval. â€Å"A noble lady does not feed dogs at her table,† she said, breaking off another piece of comb and letting the honey drip down onto her bread. â€Å"She's not a dog, she's a direwolf,† Sansa pointed out as Lady licked her fingers with a rough tongue. â€Å"Anyway, Father said we could keep them with us if we want.† The septa was not appeased. â€Å"You're a good girl, Sansa, but I do vow, when it comes to that creature you're as willful as your sister Arya.† She scowled. â€Å"And where is Arya this morning?† â€Å"She wasn't hungry,† Sansa said, knowing full well that her sister had probably stolen down to the kitchen hours ago and wheedled a breakfast out of some cook's boy. â€Å"Do remind her to dress nicely today. The grey velvet, perhaps. We are all invited to ride with the queen and Princess Myrcella in the royal wheelhouse, and we must look our best.† Sansa already looked her best. She had brushed out her long auburn hair until it shone, and picked her nicest blue silks. She had been looking forward to today for more than a week. It was a great honor to ride with the queen, and besides, Prince Joffrey might be there. Her betrothed. Just thinking it made her feel a strange fluttering inside, even though they were not to marry for years and years. Sansa did not really know Joffrey yet, but she was already in love with him. He was all she ever dreamt her prince should be, tall and handsome and strong, with hair like gold. She treasured every chance to spend time with him, few as they were. The only thing that scared her about today was Arya. Arya had a way of ruining everything. You never knew what she would do. â€Å"I'll tell her,† Sansa said uncertainly, â€Å"but she'll dress the way she always does.† She hoped it wouldn't be too embarrassing. â€Å"May I be excused?† â€Å"You may.† Septa Mordane helped herself to more bread and honey, and Sansa slid from the bench. Lady followed at her heels as she ran from the inn's common room. Outside, she stood for a moment amidst the shouts and curses and the creak of wooden wheels as the men broke down the tents and pavilions and loaded the wagons for another day's march. The inn was a sprawling three-story structure of pale stone, the biggest that Sansa had ever seen, but even so, it had accommodations for less than a third of the king's party, which had swollen to more than four hundred with the addition of her father's household and the freeriders who had joined them on the road. She found Arya on the banks of the Trident, trying to hold Nymeria still while she brushed dried mud from her fur. The direwolf was not enjoying the process. Arya was wearing the same riding leathers she had worn yesterday and the day before. â€Å"You better put on something pretty,† Sansa told her. â€Å"Septa Mordane said so. We're traveling in the queen's wheelhouse with Princess Myrcella today.† â€Å"I'm not,† Arya said, trying to brush a tangle out of Nymeria's matted grey fur. â€Å"Mycah and I are going to ride upstream and look for rubies at the ford.† â€Å"Rubies,† Sansa said, lost. â€Å"What rubies?† Arya gave her a look like she was so stupid. â€Å"Rhaegar's rubies. This is where King Robert killed him and won the crown.† Sansa regarded her scrawny little sister in disbelief. â€Å"You can't look for rubies, the princess is expecting us. The queen invited us both.† â€Å"I don't care,† Arya said. â€Å"The wheelhouse doesn't even have windows, you can't see a thing.† â€Å"What could you want to see?† Sansa said, annoyed. She had been thrilled by the invitation, and her stupid sister was going to ruin everything, just as she'd feared. â€Å"It's all just fields and farms and holdfasts.† â€Å"It is not,† Arya said stubbornly. â€Å"If you came with us sometimes, you'd see.† â€Å"I hate riding,† Sansa said fervently. â€Å"All it does is get you soiled and dusty and sore.† Arya shrugged. â€Å"Hold still,† she snapped at Nymeria, â€Å"I'm not hurting you.† Then to Sansa she said, â€Å"When we were crossing the Neck, I counted thirty-six flowers I never saw before, and Mycah showed me a lizard-lion.† Sansa shuddered. They had been twelve days crossing the Neck, rumbling down a crooked causeway through an endless black bog, and she had hated every moment of it. The air had been damp and clammy, the causeway so narrow they could not even make proper camp at night, they had to stop right on the kingsroad. Dense thickets of half-drowned trees pressed close around them, branches dripping with curtains of pale fungus. Huge flowers bloomed in the mud and floated on pools of stagnant water, but if you were stupid enough to leave the causeway to pluck them, there were quicksands waiting to suck you down, and snakes watching from the trees, and lizard-lions floating half-submerged in the water, like black logs with eyes and teeth. None of which stopped Arya, of course. One day she came back grinning her horsey grin, her hair all tangled and her clothes covered in mud, clutching a raggedy bunch of purple and green flowers for Father. Sansa kept hoping he would tell Arya to behave herself and act like the highborn lady she was supposed to be, but he never did, he only hugged her and thanked her for the flowers. That just made her worse. Then it turned out the purple flowers were called poison kisses, and Arya got a rash on her arms. Sansa would have thought that might have taught her a lesson, but Arya laughed about it, and the next day she rubbed mud all over her arms like some ignorant bog woman just because her friend Mycah told her it would stop the itching. She had bruises on her arms and shoulders too, dark purple welts and faded green-and-yellow splotches, Sansa had seen them when her sister undressed for sleep. How she had gotten those only the seven gods knew. Arya was still going on, brushing out Nymeria's tangles and chattering about things she'd seen on the trek south. â€Å"Last week we found this haunted watchtower, and the day before we chased a herd of wild horses. You should have seen them run when they caught a scent of Nymeria.† The wolf wriggled in her grasp and Arya scolded her. â€Å"Stop that, I have to do the other side, you're all muddy.† â€Å"You're not supposed to leave the column,† Sansa reminded her. â€Å"Father said so.† Arya shrugged. â€Å"I didn't go far. Anyway, Nymeria was with me the whole time. I don't always go off, either. Sometimes it's fun just to ride along with the wagons and talk to people.† Sansa knew all about the sorts of people Arya liked to talk to: squires and grooms and serving girls, old men and naked children, rough-spoken freeriders of uncertain birth. Arya would make friends with anybody. This Mycah was the worst; a butcher's boy, thirteen and wild, he slept in the meat wagon and smelled of the slaughtering block. Just the sight of him was enough to make Sansa feel sick, but Arya seemed to prefer his company to hers. Sansa was running out of patience now. â€Å"You have to come with me,† she told her sister firmly. â€Å"You can't refuse the queen. Septa Mordane will expect you.† Arya ignored her. She gave a hard yank with the brush. Nymeria growled and spun away, affronted. â€Å"Come back here!† â€Å"There's going to be lemon cakes and tea,† Sansa went on, all adult and reasonable. Lady brushed against her leg. Sansa scratched her ears the way she liked, and Lady sat beside her on her haunches, watching Arya chase Nymeria. â€Å"Why would you want to ride a smelly old horse and get all sore and sweaty when you could recline on feather pillows and eat cakes with the queen?† â€Å"I don't like the queen,† Arya said casually. Sansa sucked in her breath, shocked that even Arya would say such a thing, but her sister prattled on, heedless. â€Å"She won't even let me bring Nymeria.† She thrust the brush under her belt and stalked her wolf. Nymeria watched her approach warily. â€Å"A royal wheelhouse is no place for a wolf,† Sansa said. â€Å"And Princess Myrcella is afraid of them, you know that.† â€Å"Myrcella is a little baby.† Arya grabbed Nymeria around her neck, but the moment she pulled out the brush again the direwolf wriggled free and bounded off. Frustrated, Arya threw down the brush. â€Å"Bad wolf!† she shouted. Sansa couldn't help but smile a little. The kennelmaster once told her that an animal takes after its master. She gave Lady a quick little hug. Lady licked her cheek. Sansa giggled. Arya heard and whirled around, glaring. â€Å"I don't care what you say, I'm going out riding.† Her long horsey face got the stubborn look that meant she was going to do something willful. â€Å"Gods be true, Arya, sometimes you act like such a child,† Sansa said. â€Å"I'll go by myself then. It will be ever so much nicer that way. Lady and I will eat all the lemon cakes and just have the best time without you.† She turned to walk off, but Arya shouted after her, â€Å"They won't let you bring Lady either.† She was gone before Sansa could think of a reply, chasing Nymeria along the river. Alone and humiliated, Sansa took the long way back to the inn, where she knew Septa Mordane would be waiting. Lady padded quietly by her side. She was almost in tears. All she wanted was for things to be nice and pretty, the way they were in the songs. Why couldn't Arya be sweet and delicate and kind, like Princess Myrcella? She would have liked a sister like that. Sansa could never understand how two sisters, born only two years apart, could be so different. It would have been easier if Arya had been a bastard, like their half brother Jon. She even looked like Jon, with the long face and brown hair of the Starks, and nothing of their lady mother in her face or her coloring. And Jon's mother had been common, or so people whispered. Once, when she was littler, Sansa had even asked Mother if perhaps there hadn't been some mistake. Perhaps the grumkins had stolen her real sister. But Mother had only laughed and said no, Arya was her daughter and Sansa's trueborn sister, blood of their blood. Sansa could not think why Mother would want to lie about it, so she supposed it had to be true. As she neared the center of camp, her distress was quickly forgotten. A crowd had gathered around the queen's wheelhouse. Sansa heard excited voices buzzing like a hive of bees. The doors had been thrown open, she saw, and the queen stood at the top of the wooden steps, smiling down at someone. She heard her saying, â€Å"The council does us great honor, my good lords.† â€Å"What's happening?† she asked a squire she knew. â€Å"The council sent riders from King's Landing to escort us the rest of the way,† he told her. â€Å"An honor guard for the king.† Anxious to see, Sansa let Lady clear a path through the crowd. People moved aside hastily for the direwolf. When she got closer, she saw two knights kneeling before the queen, in armor so fine and gorgeous that it made her blink. One knight wore an intricate suit of white enameled scales, brilliant as a field of new-fallen snow, with silver chasings and clasps that glittered in the sun. When he removed his helm, Sansa saw that he was an old man with hair as pale as his armor, yet he seemed strong and graceful for all that. From his shoulders hung the pure white cloak of the Kingsguard. His companion was a man near twenty whose armor was steel plate of a deep forest-green. He was the handsomest man Sansa had ever set eyes upon; tall and powerfully made, with jet-black hair that fell to his shoulders and framed a clean-shaven face, and laughing green eyes to match his armor. Cradled under one arm was an antlered helm, its magnificent rack shimmering in gold. At first Sansa did not notice the third stranger. He did not kneel with the others. He stood to one side, beside their horses, a gaunt grim man who watched the proceedings in silence. His face was pockmarked and beardless, with deepset eyes and hollow cheeks. Though he was not an old man, only a few wisps of hair remained to him, sprouting above his ears, but those he had grown long as a woman's. His armor was iron-grey chainmail over layers of boiled leather, plain and unadorned, and it spoke of age and hard use. Above his right shoulder the stained leather hilt of the blade strapped to his back was visible; a two-handed greatsword, too long to be worn at his side. â€Å"The king is gone hunting, but I know he will be pleased to see you when he returns,† the queen was saying to the two knights who knelt before her, but Sansa could not take her eyes off the third man. He seemed to feel the weight of her gaze. Slowly he turned his head. Lady growled. A terror as overwhelming as anything Sansa Stark had ever felt filled her suddenly. She stepped backward and bumped into someone. Strong hands grasped her by the shoulders, and for a moment Sansa thought it was her father, but when she turned, it was the burned face of Sandor Clegane looking down at her, his mouth twisted in a terrible mockery of a smile. â€Å"You are shaking, girl,† he said, his voice rasping. â€Å"Do I frighten you so much?† He did, and had since she had first laid eyes on the ruin that fire had made of his face, though it seemed to her now that he was not half so terrifying as the other. Still, Sansa wrenched away from him, and the Hound laughed, and Lady moved between them, rumbling a warning. Sansa dropped to her knees to wrap her arms around the wolf. They were all gathered around gaping, she could feel their eyes on her, and here and there she heard muttered comments and titters of laughter. â€Å"A wolf,† a man said, and someone else said, â€Å"Seven hells, that's a direwolf,† and the first man said, â€Å"What's it doing in camp?† and the Hound's rasping voice replied, â€Å"The Starks use them for wet nurses,† and Sansa realized that the two stranger knights were looking down on her and Lady, swords in their hands, and then she was frightened again, and ashamed. Tears filled her eyes. She heard the queen say, â€Å"Joffrey, go to her.† And her prince was there. â€Å"Leave her alone,† Joffrey said. He stood over her, beautiful in blue wool and black leather, his golden curls shining in the sun like a crown. He gave her his hand, drew her to her feet. â€Å"What is it, sweet lady? Why are you afraid? No one will hurt you. Put away your swords, all of you. The wolf is her little pet, that's all.† He looked at Sandor Clegane. â€Å"And you, dog, away with you, you're scaring my betrothed.† The Hound, ever faithful, bowed and slid away quietly through the press. Sansa struggled to steady herself. She felt like such a fool. She was a Stark of Winterfell, a noble lady, and someday she would be a queen. â€Å"It was not him, my sweet prince,† she tried to explain. â€Å"It was the other one.† The two stranger knights exchanged a look. â€Å"Payne?† chuckled the young man in the green armor. The older man in white spoke to Sansa gently. â€Å"Ofttimes Ser Ilyn frightens me as well, sweet lady. He has a fearsome aspect.† â€Å"As well he should.† The queen had descended from the wheelhouse. The spectators parted to make way for her. â€Å"If the wicked do not fear the Mng's Justice, you have put the wrong man in the office.† Sansa finally found her words. â€Å"Then surely you have chosen the right one, Your Grace,† she said, and a gale of laughter erupted all around her. â€Å"Well spoken, child,† said the old man in white. â€Å"As befits the daughter of Eddard Stark. I am honored to know you, however irregular the manner of our meeting. I am Ser Barristan Selmy, of the Kingsguard.† He bowed. Sansa knew the name, and now the courtesies that Septa Mordane had taught her over the years came back to her. â€Å"The Lord Commander of the Kingsguard,† she said, â€Å"and councillor to Robert our king and to Aerys Targaryen before him. The honor is mine, good knight. Even in the far north, the singers praise the deeds of Barristan the Bold.† The green knight laughed again. â€Å"Barristan the Old, you mean. Don't flatter him too sweetly, child, he thinks overmuch of himself already.† He smiled at her. â€Å"Now, wolf girl, if you can put a name to me as well, then I must concede that you are truly our Hand's daughter.† Joffrey stiffened beside her. â€Å"Have a care how you address my betrothed.† â€Å"I can answer,† Sansa said quickly, to quell her prince's anger. She smiled at the green knight. â€Å"Your helmet bears golden antlers, my lord. The stag is the sigil of the royal House. King Robert has two brothers. By your extreme youth, you can only be Renly Baratheon, Lord of Storm's End and councillor to the king, and so I name you.† Ser Barristan chuckled. â€Å"By his extreme youth, he can only be a prancing jackanapes, and so I name him.† There was general laughter, led by Lord Renly himself. The tension of a few moments ago was gone, and Sansa was beginning to feel comfortable . . . until Ser Ilyn Payne shouldered two men aside, and stood before her, unsmiling. He did not say a word. Lady bared her teeth and began to growl, a low rumble full of menace, but this time Sansa silenced the wolf with a gentle hand to the head. â€Å"I am sorry if I offended you, Ser Ilyn,† she said. She waited for an answer, but none came. As the headsman looked at her, his pale colorless eyes seemed to strip the clothes away from her, and then the skin, leaving her soul naked before him. Still silent, he turned and walked away. Sansa did not understand. She looked at her prince. â€Å"Did I say something wrong, Your Grace? Why will he not speak to me?† â€Å"Ser Ilyn has not been feeling talkative these past fourteen years,† Lord Renly commented with a sly smile. Joffrey gave his uncle a look of pure loathing, then took Sansa's hands in his own. â€Å"Aerys Targaryen had his tongue ripped out with hot pincers.† â€Å"He speaks most eloquently with his sword, however,† the queen said, â€Å"and his devotion to our realm is unquestioned.† Then she smiled graciously and said, â€Å"Sansa, the good councillors and I must speak together until the king returns with your father. I fear we shall have to postpone your day with Myrcella. Please give your sweet sister my apologies. Joffrey, perhaps you would be so kind as to entertain our guest today.† â€Å"It would be my pleasure, Mother,† Joffrey said very formally. He took her by the arm and led her away from the wheelhouse, and Sansa's spirits took flight. A whole day with her prince! She gazed at Joffrey worshipfully. He was so gallant, she thought. The way he had rescued her from Ser Ilyn and the Hound, why, it was almost like the songs, like the time Serwyn of the Mirror Shield saved the Princess Daeryssa from the giants, or Prince Aemon the Dragonknight championing Queen Naerys's honor against evil Ser Morgil's slanders. The touch of Joffrey's hand on her sleeve made her heart beat faster. â€Å"What would you like to do?† Be with you, Sansa thought, but she said, â€Å"Whatever you'd like to do, my prince.† Jofftey reflected a moment. â€Å"We could go riding.† â€Å"Oh, I love riding,† Sansa said. Joffrey glanced back at Lady, who was following at their heels. â€Å"Your wolf is liable to frighten the horses, and my dog seems to frighten you. Let us leave them both behind and set off on our own, what do you say?† Sansa hesitated. â€Å"If you like,† she said uncertainly. â€Å"I suppose I could tie Lady up.† She did not quite understand, though. â€Å"I didn't know you had a dog . . . â€Å" Joffrey laughed. â€Å"He's my mother's dog, in truth. She has set him to guard me, and so he does.† â€Å"You mean the Hound,† she said. She wanted to hit herself for being so slow. Her prince would never love her if she seemed stupid. â€Å"Is it safe to leave him behind?† Prince Joffrey looked annoyed that she would even ask. â€Å"Have no fear, lady. I am almost a man grown, and I don't fight with wood like your brothers. All I need is this.† He drew his sword and showed it to her; a longsword adroitly shrunken to suit a boy of twelve, gleaming blue steel, castle-forged and double-edged, with a leather grip and a lion's-head pommel in gold. Sansa exclaimed over it admiringly, and Joffrey looked pleased. â€Å"I call it Lion's Tooth,† he said. And so they left her direwolf and his bodyguard behind them, while they ranged east along the north bank of the Trident with no company save Lion's Tooth. It was a glorious day, a magical day. The air was warm and heavy with the scent of flowers, and the woods here had a gentle beauty that Sansa had never seen in the north. Prince Joffrey's mount was a blood bay courser, swift as the wind, and he rode it with reckless abandon, so fast that Sansa was hard-pressed to keep up on her mare. It was a day for adventures. They explored the caves by the riverbank, and tracked a shadowcat to its lair, and when they grew hungry, Joffrey found a holdfast by its smoke and told them to fetch food and wine for their prince and his lady. They dined on trout fresh from the river, and Sansa drank more wine than she had ever drunk before. â€Å"My father only lets us have one cup, and only at feasts,† she confessed to her prince. â€Å"My betrothed can drink as much as she wants,† Joffrey said, refilling her cup. They went more slowly after they had eaten. Joffrey sang for her as they rode, his voice high and sweet and pure. Sansa was a little dizzy from the wine. â€Å"Shouldn't we be starting back?† she asked. â€Å"Soon,† Joffrey said. â€Å"The battleground is right up ahead, where the river bends. That was where my father killed Rhaegar Targaryen, you know. He smashed in his chest, crunch, right through the armor.† Joffrey swung an imaginary warhammer to show her how it was done. â€Å"Then my uncle Jaime killed old Aerys, and my father was king. What's that sound?† Sansa heard it too, floating through the woods, a kind of wooden clattering, snack snack snack. â€Å"I don't know,† she said. It made her nervous, though. â€Å"Joffrey, let's go back.† â€Å"I want to see what it is.† Joffrey turned his horse in the direction of the sounds, and Sansa had no choice but to follow. The noises grew louder and more distinct, the clack of wood on wood, and as they grew closer they heard heavy breathing as well, and now and then a grunt. â€Å"Someone's there,† Sansa said anxiously. She found herself thinking of Lady, wishing the direwolf was with her. â€Å"You're safe with me.† Joffrey drew his Lion's Tooth from its sheath. The sound of steel on leather made her tremble. â€Å"This way,† he said, riding through a stand of trees. Beyond, in a clearing overlooking the river, they came upon a boy and a girl playing at knights. Their swords were wooden sticks, broom handles from the look of them, and they were rushing across the grass, swinging at each other lustily. The boy was years older, a head taller, and much stronger, and he was pressing the attack. The girl, a scrawny thing in soiled leathers, was dodging and managing to get her stick in the way of most of the boy's blows, but not all. When she tried to lunge at him, he caught her stick with his own, swept it aside, and slid his wood down hard on her fingers. She cried out and lost her weapon. Prince Joffrey laughed. The boy looked around, wide-eyed and startled, and dropped his stick in the grass. The girl glared at them, sucking on her knuckles to take the sting out, and Sansa was horrified. â€Å"Arya?† she called out incredulously. â€Å"Go away,† Arya shouted back at them, angry tears in her eyes. â€Å"What are you doing here? Leave us alone.† Joffrey glanced from Arya to Sansa and back again. â€Å"Your sister?† She nodded, blushing. Joffrey examined the boy, an ungainly lad with a coarse, freckled face and thick red hair. â€Å"And who are you, boy?† he asked in a commanding tone that took no notice of the fact that the other was a year his senior. â€Å"Mycah,† the boy muttered. He recognized the prince and averted his eyes. â€Å"M'lord.† â€Å"He's the butcher's boy,† Sansa said. â€Å"He's my friend,† Arya said sharply. â€Å"You leave him alone.† â€Å"A butcher's boy who wants to be a knight, is it?† Joffrey swung down from his mount, sword in hand. â€Å"Pick up your sword, butcher's boy,† he said, his eyes bright with amusement. â€Å"Let us see how good you are.† Mycah stood there, frozen with fear. Joffrey walked toward him. â€Å"Go on, pick it up. Or do you only fight little girls?† â€Å"She ast me to, m'lord,† Mycah said. â€Å"She ast me to.† Sansa had only to glance at Arya and see the flush on her sister's face to know the boy was telling the truth, but Joffrey was in no mood to listen. The wine had made him wild. â€Å"Are you going to pick up your sword?† Mycah shook his head. â€Å"It's only a stick, m'lord. It's not no sword, it's only a stick.† â€Å"And you're only a butcher's boy, and no knight.† Joffrey lifted Lion's Tooth and laid its point on Mycah's cheek below the eye, as the butcher's boy stood trembling. â€Å"That was my lady's sister you were hitting, do you know that?† A bright bud of blood blossomed where his sword pressed into Mycah's flesh, and a slow red line trickled down the boy's cheek. â€Å"Stop it!† Arya screamed. She grabbed up her fallen stick. Sansa was afraid. â€Å"Arya, you stay out of this.† â€Å"I won't hurt him . . . much,† Prince Joffrey told Arya, never taking his eyes off the butcher's boy. Arya went for him. Sansa slid off her mare, but she was too slow. Arya swung with both hands. There was a loud crack as the wood split against the back of the prince's head, and then everything happened at once before Sansa's horrified eyes. Joffrey staggered and whirled around, roaring curses. Mycah ran for the trees as fast as his legs would take him. Arya swung at the prince again, but this time Joffrey caught the blow on Lion's Tooth and sent her broken stick flying from her hands. The back of his head was all bloody and his eyes were on fire. Sansa was shrieking, â€Å"No, no, stop it, stop it, both of you, you're spoiling it,† but no one was listening. Arya scooped up a rock and hurled it at Joffrey's head. She hit his horse instead, and the blood bay reared and went galloping off after Mycah. â€Å"Stop it, don't, stop it!† Sansa screamed. Joffrey slashed at Arya with his sword, screaming obscenities, terrible words, filthy words. Arya darted back, frightened now, but Joffrey follo wed, hounding her toward the woods, backing her up against a tree. Sansa didn't know what to do. She watched helplessly, almost blind from her tears. Then a grey blur flashed past her, and suddenly Nymeria was there, leaping, jaws closing around Joffrey's sword arm. The steel fell from his fingers as the wolf knocked him off his feet, and they rolled in the grass, the wolf snarling and ripping at him, the prince shrieking in pain. â€Å"Get it off,† he screamed. â€Å"Get it off!† Arya's voice cracked like a whip. â€Å"Nymeria!† The direwolf let go of Joffrey and moved to Arya's side. The prince lay in the grass, whimpering, cradling his mangled arm. His shirt was soaked in blood. Arya said, â€Å"She didn't hurt you . . . much.† She picked up Lion's Tooth where it had fallen, and stood over him, holding the sword with both hands. Jofftey made a scared whimpery sound as he looked up at her. â€Å"No,† he said, â€Å"don't hurt me. I'll tell my mother.† â€Å"You leave him alone!† Sansa screamed at her sister. Arya whirled and heaved the sword into the air, putting her whole body into the throw. The blue steel flashed in the sun as the sword spun out over the river. It hit the water and vanished with a splash. Joffrey moaned. Arya ran off to her horse, Nymeria loping at her heels. After they had gone, Sansa went to Prince Joffrey. His eyes were closed in pain, his breath ragged. Sansa knelt beside him. â€Å"Joffrey,† she sobbed. â€Å"Oh, look what they did, look what they did. My poor prince. Don't be afraid. I'll ride to the holdfast and bring help for you.† Tenderly she reached out and brushed back his soft blond hair. His eyes snapped open and looked at her, and there was nothing but loathing there, nothing but the vilest contempt. â€Å"Then go,† he spit at her. â€Å"And don't touch me.†