Native American Tribe As The Kickapoo - 1726 Words

Kickapoo Location The Native American tribe known as the Kickapoo would have been more important to Illinois’ history if they would have stayed longer. The Kickapoo had originally lived in Illinois. They were later moved away from the states that they lived in which were Illinois and Indiana. They moved to Missouri after leaving their homelands (â€Å"Indians†). Some of the other Kickapoo chose to move southward, and the reason they moved is because they wanted to get away from the americans and explorers (â€Å"Native†). The Kickapoo that moved to Missouri were later forced into reservations in Kansas and Oklahoma (â€Å"Indians†). Some chose to just keep movings south rather than deal with the americans. The tribe had eventually moved all the way down into Texas and Mexico. This was as far as the Kickapoo moved south, but some of the Kickapoo chose to move back to other places in the United States. The others just remained in Mexico and Texas (â€Å"Nativeâ € ). The Kickapoo were native to Illinois, but that didn’t stop them from becoming one of the most traveling Native American tribes in the United States. Allies and Enemies The Kickapoo however have less to talk about when it comes to enemies and allies. The Kickapoo did not all move away or get forced into reservations. They had been ally in two major rebellions. The Kickapoo rebelled with Pontiac and Tecumseh. The Pontiac rebellion came first, and in this one they were fighting against the colonists. This groupShow MoreRelatedNative American Tribe As The Kickapoo1726 Words   |  7 PagesKickapoo Location The Native American tribe known as the Kickapoo would have been more important to Illinois’ history if they would have stayed longer. The Kickapoo had originally lived in Illinois. They were later moved away from the states that they lived in which were Illinois and Indiana. They moved to Missouri after leaving their homelands (â€Å"Indians†). Some of the other Kickapoo chose to move southward, and the reason they moved is because they wanted to get away from the americans andRead MoreNative American Graves Protection And Repatriation Act Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pagesa history that began with the settlement of European-Americans during the 19th Century as there is little roadside advertising stating the contrary. Kansas, for centuries, was a land where many Native American tribes that lived, fought, and died. Subsequently, the city of Wichita is a good example of this. It is known as a large city of Kansas and not known as the name of a Native American tribe. T he fact of the matter is that the Wichita tribe aided in the establishment of a trading post that ledRead MoreHistory of Lacrosse Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesLacrosse is the oldest team sport in North America, having been played by Native American tribes long before any European had even set foot on the continent. A century after European missionaries discovered the game played by Native Americans, they began to play it themselves, starting in the 18th century. From there, it evolved and grew in popularity from a very savage game that resembled war, into what it is today, a recreational sport played widely in America and other countries. As U.S. LacrosseRead More history of lacrosse Essay examples886 Words   |  4 Pages Lacrosse is the oldest team sport in North America, having been played by Native American tribes long before any European had even set foot on the continent. A century after European missionaries discovered the game played by Native Americans, they began to pla y it themselves, starting in the 18th century. From there, it evolved and grew in popularity from a very savage game that resembled war, into what it is today, a recreational sport played widely in America and other countries. As U.S. LacrosseRead MoreSugar Creek : Life On The Illinois Iowa Prairie, By John Mack Faragher1918 Words   |  8 Pagesenvironment, society, culture, and economy in Sugar Creek throughout the nineteenth century and the changes, development, improvements with it. There are four common themes throughout the monograph: First, the kicking out of the Kickapoo and other Indians in place of Anglo-Americans. Second, the relationship and changes between men and women’s roles throughout the nineteenth century. Third, the community life and the sensibility of bringing the town together. Finally, the transition of agriculture andRead MoreThe Museum s Main Purpose Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pageseducate the public about American Indians, but also to â€Å"decons truct stereotypes† and give tribal members something along the lines of a safe place where they are welcome to embrace their ethnicity. One factor that showcases the information I previously stated is the fact that tribal members have free admission into the museum. Another way the museum salutes the ethnicity of American Indians is by commemorating Native individuals alive today. Names of famous Native Americans are displayed along withRead MoreEssay about United States Expansionism: 1790s- 1860s1176 Words   |  5 Pages The major American aspiration during the 1790s through the 1860s was westward expansion. Americans looked to the western lands as an opportunity for large amounts of free land, for growth of industry, and manifest destiny. This hunger for more wealth and property, led Americans conquer lands that were rightfully someone elses. Manifest destiny and westward expansion brought many problematic issues to the Unites States verses the Indians that took the Americans to the Civil War. The first issueRead MoreThe Mitchell Museum Of The American Indian Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesThe Mitchell Museum of the American Indian is located at 3001 Central Street in Evanston, Illinois. The museum’s main purpose is not only to educate the public about American Indians, but also to â€Å"deconstruct stereotypes† and give tribal members something along the lines of a safe place where they are welcome to embrace their ethnicity. One factor that showcases the information I previously stated is the fact that tribal members have free admission into the museum. Another way the museum salutesRead MoreManifest Destiny, The Haitian Revolution, Louisiana Purchase, And The Removal Of Native American1227 Words   |  5 Pagesnorth there seem to be an â€Å"end of slavery. Due to the north â€Å"ending slavery† white American were now competing not only with African Americans but as well the massive immigrants that were coming to America. Manifest destiny could have not occurred in the best time were average Americans wanted to own farms and land. Thus, manifest destiny, the Haitian revolution, the Louisiana Purchase, the removal of Native American shares common themes of expansion of slavery, territory and white superiority leadingRead MoreThe American Civil War Was A Death Filled Four Years1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Civil War was a death filled four years. Many people died fighting for what they believed. The north, who won the war, got what they wanted; the south was able to keep their property with nearly no consequences for their actions. But one group of people who fought for both sides got nothing for their blood left on the battle field. Both the Union army and the Confederate army promised the Native Americans who fought for them many things such as land, freedom, and rights but did either

The Lively Earth Important Features Make the Earth Unique Free Essays

string(90) " Venus from the sun is 3/4 and 4/5 of the Earth, Venus has an atmosphere \(Adams, 1934\)\." EASC 2112 Earth System The lively Earth: important features make the Earth unique Name: Leung Ho Nam, Banson UID: 2011712579 Introduction: The Earth is one of the eight planets in the solar system. The planet Earth is emphasized as â€Å"the rare Earth† in numerous literatures because of its unique physical conditions and the complicated interactions among all biotic and abiotic systems. Isotope dating indicates the earth was formed approximately from 4. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lively Earth: Important Features Make the Earth Unique or any similar topic only for you Order Now 53 to 4. 568 Ga, according to isotope used (Allegre et. al. , 1995). Despite the precise formation time of the Earth, there is no exact planet formation model that is generally accepted except the minimum mass solar nebula model, MMSN (Canup, 2008). The MMSN model suggested the planetary accretion of the Earth and other terrestrial planets begins with a disc of hydrogen abundant gas and dust, circulating around the sun. Following by a series of collision, small particles combine and collapse repeatedly. The runaway growth slows down until reaching a certain mass (Canup, 2008). The formation process is crucial to the evolution of the Earth because it determines the source of materials which the Earth contains. The formation of the Earth, indeed, is not specific enough to comprise â€Å"the rare Earth† because all solar planets were grown within a circumsolar disc of gas and dust suggested by Canuo (2008). When we look at the solar system from the outer space, the Earth is probably the only shiny blue planet because of water surface reflection. 70 percent of the Earth surface is covered by the ocean. There is approximately 1. 4 billion km2 of liquid water by mass on Earth (Oak amp; Kanae, 2006). The existence of permanent liquid water responsible to create a mild temperature and a stable environment. Liquid water is an important element implicates the emergence and evolution of life on Earth after a few million years from the latest collision (Baross amp; Hoffman, 1985). The distinct blue colour of the ocean and the green colour of the terrestrial land is obvious on the Earth surface. Nevertheless, it is hardly to observe the entire view of the surface because of the scattering effect (Adams, 1934) and screening effect of the cohesive cloud in the atmosphere. Differences between the earth’s atmosphere and other planetary atmosphere including the presence of oxygen and relatively low carbon dioxide concentration. The atmosphere is extremely important to the biosphere. Without atmosphere, organisms nowadays would probably remain in the simple form or single celled. Furthermore, the ozone layer in the atmosphere absorbs and reflects part of the solar radiation incoming from the sun. This reduction of solar radiation lowers down the atmospheric temperature dramatically which allows organisms to survive. The Earth would not be so unique among the solar system when missing either one of the systems. The Gaia hypothesis links this concept and indicates the Earth is a giant self-regulating system. The interactions of the organisms with their abiotic environments modified the condition of the Earth such as oxygen content and atmospheric temperature, making the Earth more habitable terrestrial planet (Lovelock, 1973). Evolution of the Earth: Allegre and the research team (1995) suggested that the Earth was formed 4. 53 to about 4. 7 Ga. The age range of the earth was estimated by means of a series of isotope dating so the results are relatively valid. The Earth queues the third planet from the sun and its average radius is 6371 km (Lide, 2000). Because of specific distance from the sun and the size, the Earth prevents some of the very light elements, such as hydrogen, from escaping, by gravitational force (Adams, 1934). Moreover, the Earth has a gravitational force of 10 g (Yoder, 1995). Gravitational force is an inconspicuous pull generated from the Earth core. The Earth self-spins once it is formed. The rotation period of the earth is 23 hours and 56 minutes (Gold, 1967). This spinning effect creates centrifugal force which differentiate substances by mass. Heavy metal tends to migrate toward the Earth core and leaving the light materials outside. When time passes, the surface of the earth cools and the first land formed. Although land also appears in other planets such as Mars, the crust of the Earth is different. Interestingly, unlike Mars, the Earth surface is not covered by a concrete sphere but a few tectonic plates. Since the Mars is much smaller than the Earth so the cooling effect of Mars is much faster than the Earth. By now, the crust of the Mars has not been renewed for a certain long period. The plate tectonic moves with three strategies, convergency, divergency and transformation. The movement of the plates driven by the underneath semisolid magma (Courteny, 2008). Surface morphology is determined by the way which the tectonic plates move and density of the plates. Tectonic activities, earthquake, mountain-building, volcanic eruption and subduction zone, are restricted along plate boundaries (Courtery, 2008). Volcanic activities and oceanic subduction are extremely important processes to deliver materials from the inner core and renew surface materials respectively. These recycling processes keep providing accessible resources for the living organisms. Atmosphere and ocean formation was also suggested to be related to volcanic activities (Morbidelli, 2000). Aforementioned that self-spinning of the Earth differentiate substances on Earth. Iron, as a metal that can be magnetized, and with accordingly high atomic mass, moves inward and forms the core. After 60 million years after the late Heavy Bombardment, the magnetic field was established (Staff, 2010). Studies from Karato (1993) implies the magnetic field may relate to the magnetizing properties of iron. No matter how the Earth’s magnetic field was formed, it â€Å"prevents the atmosphere being stripped away by the solar wind† (Staff, 2010). Atmosphere: The atmosphere is the outermost, thin layer enclosing the Earth. The composition of the atmosphere for example, oxygen, is imperative to the evolution of the Earth. The atmosphere of the Earth is comparable to the nearby terrestrial planet such as Mars and Venus. Given that the average distance and the size of Venus from the sun is 3/4 and 4/5 of the Earth, Venus has an atmosphere (Adams, 1934). You read "The Lively Earth: Important Features Make the Earth Unique" in category "Papers" Spectroscopic studies indicate that the atmosphere of Venus does not show any markings representing the presence of oxygen and water vapour, even if these elements, once, had been appearing on Venus, they were consumed by the crust. Another result in the same spectroscopic concluded that the Venus atmosphere contains a high concentration of carbon dioxide, triggering a sever greenhouse effect (Adams, 1934). In addition to Venus, the Mars with only one tenth by the mass of the Earth also has an atmosphere. Spectrograms studies raised significant markings on ? 8300 and ? 8700 recognizes the appearance of water and carbon dioxide respectively on the Mars atmosphere(Kaplan et. al. , 1964). The presence of water on Mars is obvious with the ice cap present in the polar region of Mars (Adams, 1934). Not surprisingly, oxygen absents in Mars atmosphere and was proofed by the light frequency relative to carbon dioxide was not absorbed by the Mars atmosphere (Kaplan et. al.. 1964). From the example of Venus and Mars, it clearly shows that containing such a high concentration of oxygen, 21%, with extraordinary low carbon dioxide concentration, 0. 03%, as the Earth’s atmosphere is uncommon in the solar system. The composition of the Earth atmosphere provides with evidences that it has been modified by some other factors. This modification, as we know, was conducted by plants. Plants inhale carbon dioxide and exhale free oxygen as a by-product through the process of photosynthesis, inorganic substances were also converted into organic substances during the process (Berkner amp; Marshall, 1965). Free oxygen facilitates the evolution of organisms because high oxygen concentration triggers aerobic respiration, without oxygen, organisms nowadays would probably remain simple (Fenchel amp; Finlay, 1994). Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration not only limit on the requirement of oxygen, the oxidizing power and good electron accepting properties of oxygen boosts energy metabolism (Babcock, 1999). Babcock (1999) also stated that aerobic respiration releases much more ATPs than anaerobic respiration, ATP can be treated as the energy storage unit in organisms. In other words, organisms undergo aerobic respiration can perform more vigorous activities or prolong the duration of the activities. Furthermore, the ozone layer derived from the excess free oxygen incubated a habitable environment for living organisms. The ozone layer with related to energy budget and the effect on human was well examined in Norway (Adams, 1934; Henriksen, 1990). The ozone layer prevents living organisms burnt to death by screening out part of the UV-radiation reaching to the Earth surface. Hydrosphere: By the time when Earth was just formed, water from asteroids,  proto-planets, and  comets was locked in the core. Volcanic extrusion and outgassing brings magma along with dissolved gas and water vapour to the surface respectively. Extruded gas and water vapour suspended in the atmosphere therefore atmospheric pressure continuously increases. Water condenses when the atmospheric vapour pressure is saturated. Water droplets fall onto the ground and ocean formed (Morbidelli, 2000). Liquid water is an advance heat reservior because of having an extremely high specific heat capacity, 4200J/kg/?. This significantly high specific heat capacity, in other words, a large sum of energy can only result in a small extent of changes in temperature of water. The high energy absorption ability combined with the ocean current makes the ocean a good vector for transporting absorbed solar energy and regulating global climate (Michon, 2006). Apart from an excellent thermal reservoir, liquid water is also a good solvent. Gases in the atmosphere and minerals from the hydorthermal vents can easily dissolve into the water. Dissolved gas and minerals has planted a seed to the extensive evolution of life throughout the geological time (Morris, 2007). Biosphere: As we discussed the geosphere, atmosphere and the hydrosphere above, these systems have one thing in common. All the systems are linked with the biosphere. Although other planets in the solar system exhibit either physical feature, mostly not more than two, with Earth. The true uniqueness of the Earth raised from the presents of life which cannot be found on other planets recently. The origin of life is still a hot arguing topic among groups of scientists. However, the hydothermal vent is the most commonly and recently acceptable concepts of the origin of life (Baross amp; Hoffman, 1985). The origin of life via submarine hydrothermal vent hypothesis has not been disproved yet since it was published because there are no other environment on Earth can provide a thermo-stable habitat with abundant minerals supply, for example, nitrogen and sulphur, for life establishment (Baross amp; Hoffman, 1985). Photosynthesis is considered as a key issue of the origin of life (Hartman, 1996). Bacteria record found in western Australia, dated as 3. 5 billion years ago, stated that cyanobacteria may be the first autotrophic organism and responsible for the later atmospheric modification (Awranik, 1992). This key process opens the window of free oxygen, hence considerably boosted the evolution of organisms. The GAIA Hypothesis: Every system discussed above has its own features and contributions within the system boundaries. There is no doubt that every literatures when emphasizing the planet Earth, it can hardly find any paper just put the focus on a single system. The same situation can also be observed in this article. For example, in the discussion part of the origin and development of the atmosphere, the tectonic activities and outgassing processes were mentioned. Moreover, a similar case was obtained when investigating biosphere. Although the whole part is bias towards living organisms, the effect of atmosphere to the biosphere can hardly be eliminated. The above situation is not due to the habit of the authors or the regulations of the publishers but it is the real case of the Earth. All systems on the Earth, including geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere or even self-defined systems, are interdependent. These systems interact with each other to create a more habitable planey. This complex interaction has long been observed by James Lovelock (1973) and explained in the GAIA Hypothesis. GAIA hypothesis suggested early life form achieve some sort of ability to control the global climate and the effect is still active. Lovelock (1972) stated that once the life exist on Earth, the physical environment and the chemical states had resulted a dramatic change. For example, the solar radiation level had increased dramatically since life exists. The Earth surface temperature, nevertheless, has only changed for a few degrees, throughout billion of years, compared to the current temperature. More interestingly, the rate and the extent of temperature change during the past billion years is so slow and mild respectively that the environment always permit the persistence of living organisms or provide long enough time for organisms to adapt. Without life, the atmosphere of the Earth will be similar to that of Mars and Venus. The above example, therefore, proved that the atmosphere we are now breathing is â€Å"biological contrivance† (Lovelock, 1972). The terms â€Å"Spaceship Earth† (Lovelock, 1972) was used to represent the planet where we are living. When astronauts were sent into the space, all the requirements for survival can only obtain from the storage in the spaceship. If either system in the spaceship fails, astronauts will probably die. Conclusion: Doubtlessly, the Earth has many physical environments that absent in other planets. For example, liquid water and living organisms. However, what really makes the Earth rare is the interaction between different functional systems with unknown complexity. These interactions connected to the terminology of the â€Å"Spaceship Earth† meaning the Earth has the ability to self-regulate to adjust its own environmental condition that result in a harmonious giant system. Reference: Awramik, S. M. (1992). The oldest records of photosynthesis. PhotosynthesisResearch 33 (2): 75-89 Claude J. Allegre,  Gerard Manhes,  Christa Gopel, (1995). The age of the Earth. David R. Lide. (2000). Various. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics  . 1 Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59 (8):1445–1456 Gerald T Babcock. (1999). How oxygen is activated and reduced in respiration. PNAS. 96(23):12971-12973 Henriksen, Thormod, Dahlback, Arne, Larsen, Soren H. H. Moan, Johan. (1990). ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION and SKIN CANCER. EFFECT OF AN OZONE LAYERDEPLETION. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 51 (5):579-582 Hyman Hartman. (1996). Photos ynthesis and the origin of life. Origins of life andevolution of the biosphere. 28:515-521 James E. Lovelock, (1972). Chapter 25: GAIA as seen through the atmosphere. Atmospheric environment. 6 (8):579-580 James E. Lovelock, (1973). Atmospheric homeostasis by and for the biosphere: thegaia hypothesis. Tellus. 26 (1-2):2-10 John A. Baross amp; Sarah E. Hoffman. (1985). Submarine hydrothermal vents andassociated gradient environments as sites for the origin and evolution of life. Origin of life and evolution of the biosphere. 15 (4):327-345 L. V. Berkner amp; L. C. Marshall. (1965). On the origin and rise of oxygen concentrationin the earth’s atmosphere. Journal of the atmospheric science. 22(3):225-261 Lewis D. Kaplan, Guido Munch, Hyron Spinrad (1964). An analysis of the spectrum ofMars. The astrophysical journal. 139 (1): 1-15 Morbidelli, A. et al. (2000). Source regions and time scales for the delivery of waterto Earth. Meteoritics amp; Planetary Science  35  (6): 1309–1320 Morris, Ron M. (2007). Oceanic Processes. NASA Astrobiology Magazine. P. D. Moore. (1983). Plants and the palaeoatmosphere. Journal of the GeologicalSociety of London, 140(1):13-25 Robin M. Canup, (2008). Accretion of the Earth. Philosophical Transactions:Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 66:4061-4075 Scott, Michon (2007). Earth’s Big heat Bucket. NASA Earth Observatory Seligman, Courtney (2008). The Structure of the Terrestrial Planets. OnlineAstronomy eText Table of Contents. URL: cseligman. com. Accessed: 6thNovermber,2012 Shun-ichiro Karato. (1993). Inner Core Anisotropy Due to the MagneticField—induced Preferred Orientation of Iron. Science,  262 (5140):1708-1711. Staff. (2010). Oldest measurement of Earth’s magnetic field reveals battle betweenSun and Earth for our atmosphere. Physorgnt. news. T. Gold. (1967). Radio Method for the Precise Measurement of the Rotation Period ofthe Earth. Science. 21 (3786):302-304 Taikan Oki amp; Shinjiro Kanae, (2006). Global Hydrological Cycles and World WaterResources. Science 313 (1068. ) Tom Fenchel amp; Bland J. Finlay. (1994). The evolution of life without oxygen. Americanscientist. 82 (1):22-29 Walter S. Adams, (1934). The Planets and Their Atmospheres. The Scientific Monthly. 39 (1):5-19 Yoder, Charles F. (1995). Global Earth Physic. A Handbook of Physical Constants. Washington: American Geophysical Union. p. 12 How to cite The Lively Earth: Important Features Make the Earth Unique, Papers

Self-Reflection on Negotiation and Application to Daily and Professional Life free essay sample

Negotiation is an important activity in our lives. Knowingly and unknowingly, we negotiate almost every day with our friends, colleagues, family members and sometimes, even with ourselves. Academically negotiation is defined as a formal discussion between people who are trying to reach an agreement. We use negotiations to achieve our goals, realize our expectations, work out a compromise or simply avoid trouble with others. It is a process by which we try to resolve differences of opinion or conflicting interests. The module conducted on negotiation explained negotiation as a decision making or problem solving process that involved two or more parties who are in a state of conflict with each other, because of opposing interests, concerns, values, beliefs, emotions, etc. The objective of the module was to simply demonstrate that negotiation is a kind of conflict resolution or settlement process in which the parties to the negotiation try to achieve their respective goals by various means of effective communication and strategy. My basic understanding of the negotiation process was questioned as I was conditioned to approaching the negotiation stage with a situational approach. This simply means I had a preconceived outcome that I would like to attain even before the negotiation had started. Commonly, these situational outcomes involve a win-win situation, a win-lose situation, and a lose-lose situation. Being pre-conditioned to these situational outcomes, one tends to rely on previously tried or tested negotiation techniques. Similar to communication, one would gravitate towards the adoption of that technique that he/she may be comfortable with, in the case of negotiations, a technique that suits their personality. The approach undertaken by the tutors in order to demonstrate the negotiation process was unique and rather interesting. Having a perspective of a professional strengthens concepts and encourages learning, furthermore, normal negotiations usually involves a certain amount of verbal communication. However, the module required us to be able to negotiate our outcome without actually being able to verbally communicate. Initially the task seemed straightforward, as I assumed I would be able to draw on my professional experience and implement those techniques in the class. Nonetheless, upon initiation of the module my known negotiation techniques were questioned and seemed incompatible for the respective situation. This reflective essay will endeavor to show the growth I have been able to achieve in my negotiation techniques along with my ntentions on their application in my personal and professional life. Being employed as a middle-level manager and having to deal with situations that require me to draw on my negotiation techniques on a regular basis, and the introduction of the subject by a professional aroused my interest to reflect on this particular module. The module had two parts, the first part of the module required us to form groups of 3, where 2 of the members had to arm wrestle and the third person played the role of a mediator. I was one of the persons that was arm wrestling and the mediator made sure that we followed the rules, which forbade talking with one another during the exercise. The second part of the module, again in groups of 3, required each member to strike a deal and attain the maximum number of points that they could that was defined in the exercise. The three parties, A, B and C respectively, could either strike a collective deal or engage in private meetings with other parties within the group, however, the same two parties could not have a meeting again. The objective, as mentioned earlier, was to gain as many points as possible at the end of the exercises. It is essential to remember that the objective was simple and direct and had no clauses or assumptions attached, similar to the first part of the module. Reflecting back on the first part of the module, i. e. arm wrestling, being the stronger opponent I was able to attain higher points than my opponent demonstrating my power. Interestingly, even before the initiation of the exercise, my opponent was overwhelmed by a sense of domination. My assumption about my power was incorrectly perceived by my opponent as the objective of the exercise clearly stated that the most number of points had to be achieved without mentioning any confines of a competition. My opponent failed to understand and kept on resisting as a result, further force had to be applied in order for me to attain the desired objective. I was willing negotiate with my opponent, however, realized that the stereotype commonly attached to the word ‘arm wrestling’ such as strength and competition makes it a harder negotiating arena. What I learnt through the first part of the module was that even though I was willing and able to think out of the box, in order to attain the objective, other parties involved in the process needed to clarify their positions and assumptions prior to the negotiation process. The absence of verbal communication multiplied the issues and was one of the predominant factors or lack thereof in the failure of the objective. In retrospect, I realized that there must be a collective approach in attaining the objective in order to have a situational outcome of a win-win. I believe a lack of experience and the inability of a creative approach to attain the objective would have benefited not only me but also my opponent. As mentioned earlier, the assumption of my power made by my opponent could therefore had been avoided and provided her with the confidence to have an open discussion towards working in attaining the objective. Similarly in the second part of the module, three parties – A,B, and C – were required to attain the maximum points through negotiation. The experience was similar in this part as there was a lack of collective action and collective benefits. Each party was acting in its own interest rather than asking questions that would assist them in understanding their competitors. Discussions in class hovered around situations or at least seemed to have a solution to every conflicting situation, however, my experience in the second part of the module was totally that of the opposite. Negotiations had totally broken down as there was no willingness to cooperate and no opportunity to be vocal about feelings. I was disappointed by my experience, however, eventually learnt that not all negotiations have a positive outcome, regardless, maintaining relationships is the key to future business.